Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Forms of money

Article

Talking about forms of money, articles are items that have both a regular use and are used as money (example: axes, cattle, measures of grain, ingots of non-precious metals)  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
article The absence or presence of article for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Article   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
1043 CE 1499 CE
A~P
Inferred No Edit
2
Mossi
1100 CE 1750 CE
unknown
Suspected No Edit
3
Kamakura Shogunate
1185 CE 1226 CE
present
Confident No Edit
4
Kamakura Shogunate
1226 CE 1333 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
5
Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
1500 CE 1911 CE
present
Confident No Edit
6
Funj Sultanate
1504 CE 1699 CE
present
Confident No Edit
7
Funj Sultanate
1700 CE 1820 CE
absent
Inferred No Edit
8
Buganda
1700 CE 1879 CE
absent
Inferred No Edit
9
Mossi
1751 CE 1897 CE
present
Inferred No Edit
10
Buganda
1880 CE 1894 CE
present
Confident No Edit
11
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
12
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
13
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
14
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
15
French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
16
French Kingdom - Late Capetian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
17
Hallstatt B2-3
-
present
Confident No Edit
18
Hallstatt C
-
present
Confident No Edit
19
Hallstatt D
-
present
Inferred No Edit
20
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
21
Freetown
-
present
Inferred No Edit
22
Jolof Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
23
The Emirate of Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
24
Sape
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
25
Classical Ife
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
26
Kediri Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
27
Majapahit Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
28
Mataram Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
29
Medang Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
30
Yehuda
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
31
Kushan Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
32
Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
33
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
34
Great Ming
-
absent
Confident No Edit
35
Northern Wei
-
present
Confident No Edit
36
Durrani Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
37
Late Classic Tikal
-
present
Confident No Edit
38
Late Shang
-
present
Inferred No Edit
39
Shuar - Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
40
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
present
Confident No Edit
41
Badarian
-
present
Inferred No Edit
42
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
43
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
44
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
45
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
present
Confident No Edit
46
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
47
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
48
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
present
Confident No Edit
49
Egypt - Saite Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
50
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
present
Confident No Edit
51
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
present
Confident No Edit
52
Carolingian Empire I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
53
Carolingian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
54
Hallstatt A-B1
-
present
Inferred No Edit
55
La Tene A-B1
-
present
Confident No Edit
56
La Tene B2-C1
-
present
Confident No Edit
57
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
present
Confident No Edit
58
Hellenistic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
59
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
present
Confident No Edit
60
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
61
Canaan
-
present
Confident No Edit
62
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
63
Chalukyas of Badami
-
present
Confident No Edit
64
Chalukyas of Kalyani
-
present
Confident No Edit
65
Deccan - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
66
Deccan - Neolithic
-
present
Inferred No Edit
67
Hoysala Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
68
Kadamba Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
69
Kampili Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
70
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
71
Rashtrakuta Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
72
Satavahana Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
73
Vijayanagara Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
74
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
75
Isin-Larsa
-
absent
Confident No Edit
76
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
77
Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
78
Uruk
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
79
Ak Koyunlu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
80
Formative Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
81
Susiana A
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
82
Pre-Ceramic Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
83
Safavid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
84
Sasanid Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
85
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
86
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
present
Confident No Edit
87
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
88
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
present
Confident No Edit
89
Republic of St Peter I
-
present
Confident No Edit
90
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
present
Confident No Edit
91
Western Turk Khaganate
-
present
Confident No Edit
92
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
93
Early Mongols
-
present
Confident No Edit
94
Akkadian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
95
Neo-Babylonian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
96
Achaemenid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
97
Buyid Confederation
-
present
Confident No Edit
98
Elam - Crisis Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
99
Elymais II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
100
Elam - Kidinuid Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
101
Elam - Igihalkid Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
102
Elam - Shutrukid Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
103
Elam I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
104
Elam II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
105
Elam III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
106
Sasanid Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
107
Seljuk Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
108
Elam - Late Sukkalmah
-
present
Confident No Edit
109
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
present
Confident No Edit
110
Latium - Bronze Age
-
present
Inferred No Edit
111
Latium - Copper Age
-
present
Inferred No Edit
112
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
present
Confident No Edit
113
Roman Empire - Principate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
114
Roman Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
115
Asuka
-
present
Confident No Edit
116
Kansai - Kofun Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
117
Nara Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
118
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
119
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
120
Kara-Khanids
-
present
Inferred No Edit
121
Andronovo
-
present
Inferred No Edit
122
Phoenician Empire
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
123
Saadi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
124
Bamana kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
125
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
126
Cuzco - Early Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
127
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
128
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
129
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
130
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
131
Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
132
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
133
Umayyad Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
134
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
present
Confident No Edit
135
Late Cappadocia
-
present
Confident No Edit
136
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
137
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
138
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
139
Kingdom of Lydia
-
present
Inferred No Edit
140
Lysimachus Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
141
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
142
Ottoman Emirate
-
present
Confident No Edit
143
Ottoman Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
144
Tabal Kingdoms
-
present
Confident No Edit
145
Early Illinois Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
146
Jenne-jeno II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
147
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
present
Confident No Edit
148
Khitan I
-
present
Confident No Edit
149
Late Mongols
-
present
Confident No Edit
150
Rouran Khaganate
-
present
Confident No Edit
151
Second Turk Khaganate
-
present
Confident No Edit
152
Xianbei Confederation
-
present
Confident No Edit
153
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
present
Confident No Edit
154
Monte Alban II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
155
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
156
Kingdom of Norway II
-
present
Confident No Edit
157
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
158
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
159
Sakha - Late
-
present
Confident No Edit
160
Ayutthaya
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
161
Rattanakosin
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
162
Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia
-
present
Confident No Edit
163
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
164
Ottoman Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
165
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
present
Confident No Edit
166
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
present
Confident No Edit
167
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
168
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
present
Confident No Edit
169
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
present
Confident No Edit
170
Chagatai Khanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
171
Oneota
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
172
Khanate of Bukhara
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
173
Koktepe I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
174
Koktepe II
-
present
Confident No Edit
175
Samanid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
176
Timurid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
177
Himyar I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
178
Himyar II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
179
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
180
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
181
Amorite Babylonia
-
present
Confident No Edit
182
Hephthalites
-
present
Confident No Edit
183
Kidarite Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
184
Eastern Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
185
Erligang
-
present
Inferred No Edit
186
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
present
Confident No Edit
187
Hmong - Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
188
Northern Song
-
present
Confident No Edit
189
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
present
Confident No Edit
190
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
present
Confident No Edit
191
Rasulid Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
192
Early Qing
-
absent
Confident No Edit
193
Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
194
Tang Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
195
Tang Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
196
Western Zhou
-
present
Confident No Edit
197
Yangshao
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
198
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
present
Confident No Edit
199
Tairona
-
present
Confident No Edit
200
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
201
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
202
Naqada I
-
present
Confident No Edit
203
Naqada II
-
present
Confident No Edit
204
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
205
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
206
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Confident No Edit
207
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Confident No Edit
208
Spanish Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
209
Latium - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
210
Mongol Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
211
Shiwei
-
present
Confident No Edit
212
Axum I
-
present
Confident No Edit
213
Atlantic Complex
-
present
Confident No Edit
214
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
215
Beaker Culture
-
present
Inferred No Edit
216
Early Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
217
Proto-Carolingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
218
Middle Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
219
La Tene C2-D
-
present
Confident No Edit
220
Ashanti Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
221
Archaic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
222
Classical Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
223
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
224
Geometric Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
225
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
present
Confident No Edit
226
Monopalatial Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
227
New Palace Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
228
The Old Palace Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
229
Heian
-
present
Confident No Edit
230
Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
231
Prepalatial Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
232
Kalingga Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
233
Yisrael
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
234
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
235
Early A'chik
-
present
Confident No Edit
236
Late A'chik
-
present
Confident No Edit
237
Mahajanapada era
-
present
Confident No Edit
238
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
239
Vakataka Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
240
Kassite Babylonia
-
present
Confident No Edit
241
Bazi Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
242
Dynasty of E
-
present
Confident No Edit
243
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
present
Confident No Edit
244
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
present
Confident No Edit
245
Elam - Awan Dynasty I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
246
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
247
Ilkhanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
248
Susiana B
-
present
Confident No Edit
249
Susiana B
-
absent
Confident No Edit
250
Susiana - Late Ubaid
-
present
Inferred No Edit
251
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
present
Inferred No Edit
252
Parthian Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
253
Parthian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
254
Seleucids
-
present
Confident No Edit
255
Elam - Early Sukkalmah
-
present
Inferred No Edit
256
Susa I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
257
Susa II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
258
Susa III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
259
Early Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
260
Late Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
261
Middle Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
262
Warring States Japan
-
present
Confident No Edit
263
Classical Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
264
Early Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
265
Late Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
266
Khmer Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
267
Chenla
-
present
Confident No Edit
268
Late Xiongnu
-
present
Confident No Edit
269
Zungharian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
270
Funan I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
271
Funan II
-
present
Confident No Edit
272
Jenne-jeno III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
273
Jenne-jeno IV
-
present
Confident No Edit
274
Mali Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
275
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
276
Uigur Khaganate
-
present
Confident No Edit
277
Early Xiongnu
-
present
Inferred No Edit
278
Later Wagadu Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
279
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
280
Early Monte Alban I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
281
Monte Alban Late I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
282
Monte Alban III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
283
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
284
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Confident No Edit
285
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
present
Inferred No Edit
286
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
present
Confident No Edit
287
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
present
Inferred No Edit
288
Kingdom of Kaffa
-
present
Inferred No Edit
289
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
present
Confident No Edit
290
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Confident No Edit
291
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
292
Inca Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
293
Wari Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
294
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
295
Rum Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
296
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
297
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
298
Emirate of Harar
-
present
Inferred No Edit
299
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
present
Confident No Edit
300
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
present
Confident No Edit
301
Sakha - Early
-
present
Inferred No Edit
302
Sarazm
-
present
Inferred No Edit
303
Fatimid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
304
Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age
-
present
Confident No Edit
305
Byzantine Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
306
Byzantine Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
307
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
present
Confident No Edit
308
Ottoman Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
309
Phrygian Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
310
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident No Edit
311
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
present
Confident No Edit
312
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
present
Confident No Edit
313
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
present
Confident No Edit
314
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
present
Confident No Edit
315
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
present
Confident No Edit
316
Yemen - Era of Warlords
-
present
Confident No Edit
317
Early Modern Sierra Leone
-
present
Confident No Edit
318
Kaabu
-
present
Confident No Edit
319
Futa Jallon
-
present
Confident No Edit
320
Toutswe
-
present
Confident No Edit
321
Kingdom of Waalo
-
present
Confident No Edit
322
Kingdom of Nyinginya
-
present
Inferred No Edit
323
Torwa-Rozvi
-
present
Confident No Edit
324
Polonnaruwa
-
present
Confident No Edit
325
Anurādhapura III
-
present
Confident No Edit
326
Dutch Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
327
Hadiya Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
328
Ifat Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
329
Kingdom of Sine
-
present
Confident No Edit
330
Allada
-
present
Confident No Edit
331
Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
-
present
Confident No Edit
332
Whydah
-
present
Confident No Edit
333
Sokoto Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
334
Igala
-
present
Confident No Edit
335
West Burkina Faso Red I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
336
Great Zimbabwe
-
present
Inferred No Edit
337
Kingdom of Gumma
-
present
Inferred No Edit
338
Hausa bakwai
-
present
Confident No Edit
339
Foys
-
present
Confident No Edit
340
Kingdom of Cayor
-
present
Confident No Edit
341
Kingdom of Saloum
-
present
Confident No Edit
342
Kingdom of Baol
-
present
Confident No Edit
343
Imamate of Futa Toro
-
present
Confident No Edit
344
Denyanke Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
345
Kingdom of Jolof
-
present
Confident No Edit
346
Buganda
-
absent
Confident No Edit
347
Buhaya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
348
Mutapa
-
present
Inferred No Edit
349
Kingdom of Jimma
-
present
Inferred No Edit
350
Kingdom of Gomma
-
present
Inferred No Edit
351
Early Sultanate of Aussa
-
present
Inferred No Edit
352
Toro
-
present
Inferred No Edit
353
Karagwe
-
present
Inferred No Edit
354
Plantagenet England
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
355
Ndorwa
-
present
Inferred No Edit
356
Burundi
-
present
Inferred No Edit
357
Mubari
-
present
Inferred No Edit
358
Gisaka
-
present
Inferred No Edit
359
Bugesera
-
present
Inferred No Edit
360
Nkore
-
present
Inferred No Edit
361
Pre-Sape Sierra Leone
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
362
West Burkina Faso Red II and III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
363
West Burkina Faso Red IV
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
364
Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
365
Lombard Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
366
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
367
Antebellum US
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
368
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
369
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
370
British Empire I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
371
Napoleonic France
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
372
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
373
Anglo-Saxon England I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
374
Khwarezmid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
375
Hohokam Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
376
Saffarid Caliphate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
377
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
378
Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
379
Golden Horde
-
present
Confident No Edit
380
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
381
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
present
Confident No Edit
382
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
383
Ghur Principality
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
384
Tocharians
-
present
Confident No Edit
385
Western Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
386
Sui Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
387
Western Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
388
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
389
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
390
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
present
Confident No Edit
391
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
present
Confident No Edit