Jin Dynasty

in squared kilometers

People. 32,700,000: 1142 CE; {44,705,086; 39,663,400; 36,989,014}: 1187 CE; 45,447,900: 1190 CE; 48,490,400: 1195 CE; {45,816,079; 53,532,151}: 1207 CE; 53,720,000: 1210 CE. ^{[1] [2]}
A Chinese source believes 53 million is too high, because similar dynasties had populations between 30 million and 40 million. "金朝人口数量(一)人口总置金朝人口发展,在其统治的北方地区,达到了比历史上几个盛大朝代更高的水平。其他各朝均只 3000 多万或 4000 多万,金朝则达到了5300 多万。对此或有不可理解,或对统计数字有怀疑." ^[3]

[1]: (《中国人口发展史》.葛剑雄.福建人民出版社.)

[2]: (《中國文明史‧宋遼金時期‧金代》〈第十一章 民俗文化與社會精神風貌〉: 第2001頁－第2022頁.)

[3]: (《中国人口通史》2000. 路遇, 滕泽之. 山东人民出版社)

levels. Inferred from previous polities.
1. Emperor
2. Ministry of Rites
3. Ritual specialists

levels.
1. Polity: Emperor2. Central Secretariat3. Lu/Fu governor4. Zhou (country subdivision) governor5. County governor

"By the tenth century, soldiers, to the intense consternation of statesmen, were wholly divorced from any productive activities and earned their livings by skill at arms. Despite many attempts to replace this "mercenary" system, it remained in place until the end of imperial times." ^[1]

[1]: (Lorge 2005, 7)

"... begun during the Tang dynasty... The rise of religious professionals and soldiers as clearly separate groups was contrary to the previous normative view of society divided into knights (shi, the term that would later be applied to the literati or gentry), farmers, artisans and merchants." ^[1]

[1]: (Lorge 2005, 7)

"By the tenth century, soldiers, to the intense consternation of statesmen, were wholly divorced from any productive activities and earned their livings by skill at arms. Despite many attempts to replace this "mercenary" system, it remained in place until the end of imperial times." ^[1]

[1]: (Lorge 2005, 7)

^{[1] [2] [3]}

[1]: 孙孝伟. (2007). 金朝科举制度探析. 长春师范学院学报, 26(2), 42-45.

[2]: 韩育臻. (2007). 金朝文化政策成因探析 [J]. 青岛大学师范学院学报, 4, 78-84.

[3]: 刘达科. (2007). 金朝科举与文学. 社会科学辑刊, (3), 245-250.

《皇统制》, 《泰和律》 ^[1]

[1]: 叶潜昭. (1972). 金律之研究. 台湾商务印书馆 1977 年版.

^[1]

[1]: 关树东《金代的水利与社会经济》

e.g. Marco Polo Bridge

The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC ^[1]

[1]: Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0471396710.

e.g. 《測圓海鏡》,《益古演段》

e.g. 《務本新書》、《士農必用》were the major agriculture literature

e.g. 《紀元曆》, 《重修大明曆》

As Northern Song.

As Northern Song.

As Northern Song.

As Northern Song.

China had record of relay station as early as Zhou (700-1000 BCE)

e.g. Great Wall

e.g. Great Wall

^[1]

[1]: (Peers 2013, 220)

^[1]

[1]: (Peers 2013, 220)

"Trebuchets played an important role in the fighting between the Southern Song and the Jin." ^[1]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi." ^[1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." ^[2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

"early versions of siege crossbows and traction trebuchets may be noted in the accounts of the wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, and appear in the early military writings associated with the name of Mo Zi." ^[1] "Of the date of the introduction of the counterweight trebuchet to China there can be no doubt. It occurred in 1272, during one of the greatest sieges of Chinese history, at Xiangyang, where the Mongols besieged the Southern Song for five years." ^[2]

[1]: (Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

[2]: (Turnbull 2012, 33) Stephen Turnbull. 2012. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.

Fire-spear as a primitive firearm: "By the early thirteenth century, shrapnel of various kinds was regularly added to the gunpowder of a fire-spear." However, "... the weapon was not conceived of as a missile arm." ^[1] Fire-tube as a primitive firearm. "The Bandit-striking Penetrating Tube: Use iron to make a barrel three feet long with a handle two feet long. Infantry use this. In one discharge the pellet is able to strike a bandit at a distance of three hundred paces (five hundred yards)." "Needham dates this particular section of the text, the Fire Dragon Classic (Huolong Jing), to the first half of the fourteenth century, but believed that the quoted passage is "probably as old as 1200."" Needham also believes the stated range is an exaggeration and that the tube fired multiple pellets rather than one. ^[2] "The earliest known specimen of a gun was excavated in July of 1970 in Acheng county, Heilongjiang province. Made of bronze, it is 34 centimeters long, weighs 3.5 kilograms and has three distinct parts to its length: a barrel, powder chamber, and socket for a handle at the rear end. It has been dated no later than 1290." ^[3] Are these references referring to a Later Jin or Southern Song practices; neither, or both? ET

[1]: (Lorge 2011, 37)

[2]: (Lorge 2011, 37-38)

[3]: (Lorge 2011, 69)

Fire-spear as a primitive firearm: "By the early thirteenth century, shrapnel of various kinds was regularly added to the gunpowder of a fire-spear." However, "... the weapon was not conceived of as a missile arm." ^[1] Fire-tube as a primitive firearm. "The Bandit-striking Penetrating Tube: Use iron to make a barrel three feet long with a handle two feet long. Infantry use this. In one discharge the pellet is able to strike a bandit at a distance of three hundred paces (five hundred yards)." "Needham dates this particular section of the text, the Fire Dragon Classic (Huolong Jing), to the first half of the fourteenth century, but believed that the quoted passage is "probably as old as 1200."" Needham also believes the stated range is an exaggeration and that the tube fired multiple pellets rather than one. ^[2] "The earliest known specimen of a gun was excavated in July of 1970 in Acheng county, Heilongjiang province. Made of bronze, it is 34 centimeters long, weighs 3.5 kilograms and has three distinct parts to its length: a barrel, powder chamber, and socket for a handle at the rear end. It has been dated no later than 1290." ^[3] Are these references referring to a Later Jin or Southern Song practices; neither, or both? ET

[1]: (Lorge 2011, 37)

[2]: (Lorge 2011, 37-38)

[3]: (Lorge 2011, 69)

Jin relied on Chinese infantry who fought with swords and crossbow ^[1]

[1]: (Peers 2013, 217)

Jin relied on Chinese infantry who fought with swords and crossbow ^[1]

[1]: (Peers 2013, 217)

Calvary. ^[1]

[1]: (Peers 2013, 217)

Never used in warfare. ^[1]

[1]: (North China Workshop 2016)

Jin were never able to build an effective navy. "The Song army with its large oceangoing warships, wreaked havoc on the small Jin vessels ^{[1] [2]}

[1]: (Lorge, 2012, 87)

[2]: 《中國通史 宋遼金元史》〈第四章 南宋與金－中國南北的再分裂〉 第63頁－第79頁.

"The Song army with its large oceangoing warships, wreaked havoc on the small Jin vessels ^{[1] [2]}

[1]: (Lorge, 2012, 87)

[2]: 《中國通史 宋遼金元史》〈第四章 南宋與金－中國南北的再分裂〉 第63頁－第79頁.