Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Transport infrastructure

Port

Talking about transport infrastructure, ports include river ports. direct historical or archaeological evidence of ports is absent when no port has been excavated or all evidence of such has been obliterated. indirect historical or archaeological data is absent when there is no evidence that suggests that the polity engaged in maritime or riverine trade, conflict, or transportation, such as evidence of merchant shipping, administrative records of customs duties, or evidence that at the same period of time a trading relation in the region had a port (for example, due to natural processes, there is little evidence of ancient ports in delta egypt at a time we know there was a timber trade with the levant). when evidence for the variable itself is available the code is 'present.' when other forms of evidence suggests the existence of the variable (or not) the code may be 'inferred present' (or 'inferred absent'). when indirect evidence is not available the code will be either absent, temporal uncertainty, suspected unknown, or unknown.  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
port The absence or presence of port for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Port   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Kansai - Kofun Period
250 CE 499 CE
present
Confident No Edit
2
Kansai - Kofun Period
250 CE 499 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
3
Kansai - Kofun Period
500 CE 537 CE
present
Inferred No Edit
4
Ghur Principality
1025 CE 1191 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
5
Ghur Principality
1192 CE 1215 CE
present
Confident No Edit
6
Kingdom of Waalo
1287 CE 1685 CE
unknown
Suspected No Edit
7
Kingdom of Sine
1350 CE 1549 CE
unknown
Suspected No Edit
8
Kingdom of Saloum
1490 CE 1549 CE
unknown
Suspected No Edit
9
Kingdom of Saloum
1550 CE 1863 CE
present
Confident No Edit
10
Kingdom of Sine
1550 CE 1887 CE
present
Confident No Edit
11
Kingdom of Waalo
1686 CE 1855 CE
present
Confident No Edit
12
Buganda
1700 CE 1850 CE
absent
Inferred No Edit
13
Spanish Empire II
1716 CE 1814 CE
present
Confident No Edit
14
Buganda
1851 CE 1894 CE
present
Confident No Edit
15
Soviet Union
1923 CE 1991 CE
present
Confident No Edit
16
Western Han Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
17
Western Zhou
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
18
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
19
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
20
Rasulid Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
21
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
22
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Confident No Edit
23
Egypt - Saite Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
24
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
25
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
present
Confident No Edit
26
Atlantic Complex
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
27
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
28
French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
29
Proto-French Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
30
Proto-Carolingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
31
French Kingdom - Early Valois
-
present
Confident No Edit
32
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
present
Confident No Edit
33
Neolithic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
34
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
35
Pandya Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
36
Early Cholas
-
present
Confident No Edit
37
Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
38
Early Pandyas
-
present
Confident No Edit
39
Hephthalites
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
40
Western Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
41
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
42
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
43
Northern Wei
-
present
Inferred No Edit
44
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
45
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
46
Naqada I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
47
Beaker Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
48
Carolingian Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
49
Carolingian Empire II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
50
Hallstatt A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
51
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
52
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
53
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
54
British Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
55
Archaic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
56
Classical Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
57
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
58
Geometric Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
59
Monopalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
60
New Palace Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
61
The Old Palace Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
62
Prepalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
63
Hawaii I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
64
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
65
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
66
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
67
Hawaii III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
68
Majapahit Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
69
Mataram Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
70
Himyar II
-
present
Confident No Edit
71
Chalukyas of Kalyani
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
72
Deccan - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
73
Deccan - Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
74
Early A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
75
Kampili Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
76
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
77
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
78
Uruk
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
79
Ak Koyunlu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
80
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
81
Formative Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
82
Susiana B
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
83
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
84
Pre-Ceramic Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
85
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
present
Confident No Edit
86
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
present
Confident No Edit
87
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
88
Kara-Khanids
-
absent
Confident No Edit
89
Andronovo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
90
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
91
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
92
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
93
Khitan I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
94
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
95
Chalukyas of Badami
-
present
Confident No Edit
96
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
97
Rashtrakuta Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
98
Vijayanagara Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
99
Akkadian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
100
Neo-Babylonian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
101
Achaemenid Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
102
Ilkhanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
103
Safavid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
104
Seljuk Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
105
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
106
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
present
Confident No Edit
107
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
present
Confident No Edit
108
Late Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
109
Roman Empire - Principate
-
present
Confident No Edit
110
Republic of St Peter I
-
present
Confident No Edit
111
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
112
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
present
Confident No Edit
113
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
114
Western Turk Khaganate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
115
Phoenician Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
116
Saadi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
117
Mali Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
118
Uigur Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
119
Himyar I
-
present
Confident No Edit
120
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
121
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
122
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
123
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
124
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
125
Wari Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
126
Sarazm
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
127
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
128
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
129
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
130
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
131
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
132
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
133
Neo-Hittite Kingdoms
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
134
Ottoman Emirate
-
present
Confident No Edit
135
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
136
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
137
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
138
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
139
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
140
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
141
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
142
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
143
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
144
Koktepe I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
145
Koktepe II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
146
Timurid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
147
Xianbei Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
148
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
149
Zungharian Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
150
Early Monte Alban I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
151
Monte Alban Late I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
152
Monte Alban II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
153
Monte Alban III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
154
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
absent
Confident No Edit
155
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Confident No Edit
156
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
absent
Confident No Edit
157
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Confident No Edit
158
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
absent
Confident No Edit
159
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
160
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
161
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
162
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
163
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
164
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
165
Sind - Samma Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
166
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
167
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
168
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
169
Ayutthaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
170
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
171
Late Cappadocia
-
absent
Confident No Edit
172
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
173
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
174
Ottoman Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
175
Ottoman Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
176
Ottoman Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
177
Oneota
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
178
Chagatai Khanate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
179
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
180
Kidarite Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
181
Kushan Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
182
Northern Song
-
present
Confident No Edit
183
Early Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
184
Tang Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
185
Tang Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
186
Yangshao
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
187
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
188
Tairona
-
present
Confident No Edit
189
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
190
Hellenistic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
191
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
192
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
193
Badarian
-
present
Inferred No Edit
194
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
195
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
196
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
197
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
198
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
199
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Confident No Edit
200
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
present
Inferred No Edit
201
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
202
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
203
Spanish Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
204
Ashanti Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
205
Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
206
Axum I
-
present
Confident No Edit
207
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
208
French Kingdom - Late Capetian
-
present
Confident No Edit
209
Early Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
210
Middle Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
211
La Tene A-B1
-
present
Inferred No Edit
212
La Tene B2-C1
-
present
Inferred No Edit
213
La Tene C2-D
-
present
Confident No Edit
214
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
absent
Confident No Edit
215
The Emirate of Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
216
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
217
Kalingga Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
218
Medang Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
219
Canaan
-
present
Confident No Edit
220
Yehuda
-
present
Confident No Edit
221
Yisrael
-
present
Confident No Edit
222
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
223
Gupta Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
224
Kadamba Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
225
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
226
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
227
Satavahana Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
228
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
229
Amorite Babylonia
-
present
Confident No Edit
230
Isin-Larsa
-
present
Inferred No Edit
231
Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
232
Buyid Confederation
-
present
Confident No Edit
233
Elymais II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
234
Parthian Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
235
Parthian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
236
Sasanid Empire I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
237
Sasanid Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
238
Seleucids
-
present
Confident No Edit
239
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Confident No Edit
240
Latium - Bronze Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
241
Nara Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
242
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
243
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
244
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
present
Confident No Edit
245
Early Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
246
Middle Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
247
Roman Kingdom
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
248
Roman Kingdom
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
249
Republic of Venice III
-
present
Confident No Edit
250
Republic of Venice IV
-
present
Confident No Edit
251
Asuka
-
present
Confident No Edit
252
Heian
-
present
Confident No Edit
253
Kamakura Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
254
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
255
Classical Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
256
Early Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
257
Late Angkor
-
present
Inferred No Edit
258
Later Wagadu Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
259
Khmer Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
260
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
261
Chenla
-
present
Confident No Edit
262
Funan I
-
present
Confident No Edit
263
Funan II
-
present
Confident No Edit
264
Jenne-jeno III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
265
Jenne-jeno IV
-
present
Inferred No Edit
266
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
267
Late Mongols
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
268
Rouran Khaganate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
269
Late Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
270
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
271
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
272
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
273
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
274
Inca Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
275
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
276
Indo-Greek Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
277
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
278
Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
279
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
280
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
281
Umayyad Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
282
Rattanakosin
-
present
Confident No Edit
283
Fatimid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
284
Byzantine Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
285
Byzantine Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
286
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
287
Kingdom of Lydia
-
present
Inferred No Edit
288
Lysimachus Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
289
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident No Edit
290
Rum Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
291
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
absent
Confident No Edit
292
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
absent
Confident No Edit
293
Early Illinois Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
294
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
absent
Confident No Edit
295
Khanate of Bukhara
-
present
Confident No Edit
296
Dambadaneiya
-
present
Confident No Edit
297
Dutch Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
298
Jaffna
-
present
Confident No Edit
299
Adal Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
300
Sultanate of Geledi
-
present
Confident No Edit
301
Shoa Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
302
Ifat Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
303
Majeerteen Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
304
Funj Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
305
Habr Yunis
-
present
Confident No Edit
306
Emirate of Harar
-
present
Confident No Edit
307
Early Sultanate of Aussa
-
present
Confident No Edit
308
Isaaq Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
309
Allada
-
present
Confident No Edit
310
Whydah
-
present
Confident No Edit
311
Igala
-
present
Confident No Edit
312
Foys
-
present
Confident No Edit
313
Benin Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
314
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
present
Confident No Edit
315
Antebellum US
-
present
Confident No Edit
316
Kanem
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
317
Napoleonic France
-
present
Confident No Edit
318
Nayaks of Thanjavur
-
present
Confident No Edit
319
Nayaks of Madurai
-
present
Confident No Edit
320
Late Pallava Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
321
Tunni Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
322
Kanem-Borno
-
present
Inferred No Edit
323
Jolof Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
324
Kalabhra Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
325
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
326
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
327
Buganda
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
328
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
-
present
Confident No Edit
329
Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
330
Oyo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
331
Hohokam Culture
-
present
Inferred No Edit
332
Khwarezmid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
333
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
present
Confident No Edit
334
Qasimid Dynasty XXXXXXX
-
present
Confident No Edit
335
Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
336
Polonnaruwa
-
present
Confident No Edit
337
Ajuran Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
338
Classical Ife
-
present
Confident No Edit
339
Kingdom of Baol
-
present
Confident No Edit
340
Anurādhapura IV
-
present
Inferred No Edit
341
Anurādhapura III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
342
Early United Mexican States
-
present
Confident No Edit
343
Plantagenet England
-
present
Confident No Edit
344
Lombard Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
345
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
present
Confident No Edit
346
Anglo-Saxon England II
-
present
Confident No Edit
347
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
348
Alaouite Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
349
Armenian Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
350
Golden Horde
-
present
Confident No Edit
351
Saffarid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
352
British Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
353
Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
354
Durrani Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
355
Anglo-Saxon England I
-
present
Confident No Edit
356
Hawaii II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
357
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
358
Samanid Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
359
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
360
Second Turk Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
361
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
362
Tocharians
-
absent
Confident No Edit
363
Eastern Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
364
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
365
Great Ming
-
present
Confident No Edit
366
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
367
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
368
Naqada II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
369
Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit