No General Descriptions provided.
| none | 1310 CE 1385 CE |
| vassalage to [---] | 1385 CE 1500 CE |
| none | 1500 CE 1591 CE |
| es_habsburg_emp |
| Preceding: Pandya Empire (in_pandya_emp_3) [None] |
| present |
| present |
| present |
| absent |
| Year Range | Jaffna (sl_jaffa_k) was in: |
|---|
Start date is a rough approximation based on the following: "The Pandyans dominated the north of Sri Lanka as they did the south in the second half of the thirteenth century under Jalavarman Sundara Pandya (1251-72). Their fortunes declined in the early fourteenth century, however. The expansionist Muslim Khilji Dynasty in north India had defeated a rival kingdom to the Pandyans, the Hoysalas, and the latter helped the Khilji general, Malik Kafur, to raid the Pandyans in 1310 and loot their capital at Madurai (which probably stimulated migration to Sri Lanka). There followed a generation of Muslim rule, civil war, and the restoration of Hindu monarchies. The last Pandyan ruler of Madurai was expelled in 1323, and the city was briefly the capital under a Muslim sultanate.//"The upheaval enabled the Tamil rulers of northern Sri Lanka to establish their independence. The early history of this kingdom is uncertain. A Pandyan general called Āryachakravarti, a title given to officials or provincial chieftains, led an invasion about the year 1284. He may have remained in northern Sri Lanka following the invasion, and he or a family member declared their independence as the Pandyans declined." [1] End date: "The Portuguese invaded the Jaffna peninsula in 1591 and made Ethirimanna Cinkam king with a promise to promote Christianity. [2]
[1]: (Peebles 2006: 31) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
[2]: (Peebles 2006: 36) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
"[T]he founding of the Hindu kingdom in Vijayanagara in India in 1336 launched a new era for south India and Sri Lanka, By 1385 they claimed sovereignty over the Aryachakravartis [of Jaffna] and may have assisted them to invade the Sinhalese kingdom while Bhuvanekabāhu V was still at Gampola. [...] The Jaffna Kingdom under Pararājasēkaran (1478-1519) was independent after the decline of Vijayanagar, but was much reduced in size and strength."
"[T]he founding of the Hindu kingdom in Vijayanagara in India in 1336 launched a new era for south India and Sri Lanka, By 1385 they claimed sovereignty over the Aryachakravartis [of Jaffna] and may have assisted them to invade the Sinhalese kingdom while Bhuvanekabāhu V was still at Gampola. [...] The Jaffna Kingdom under Pararājasēkaran (1478-1519) was independent after the decline of Vijayanagar, but was much reduced in size and strength."
"[T]he founding of the Hindu kingdom in Vijayanagara in India in 1336 launched a new era for south India and Sri Lanka, By 1385 they claimed sovereignty over the Aryachakravartis [of Jaffna] and may have assisted them to invade the Sinhalese kingdom while Bhuvanekabāhu V was still at Gampola. [...] The Jaffna Kingdom under Pararājasēkaran (1478-1519) was independent after the decline of Vijayanagar, but was much reduced in size and strength."
"The Pandyans dominated the north of Sri Lanka as they did the south in the second half of the thirteenth century under Jalavarman Sundara Pandya (1251-72). Their fortunes declined in the early fourteenth century, however. [...] The upheaval enabled the Tamil rulers of northern Sri Lanka to establish their independence." [1]
[1]: (Peebles 2006: 31) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
Tamil is a Dravidian language, Sinhalese Indio-Aryan. "The island for the first time was divided into a Sinhala-speaking southeast and a Tamil-speaking northwest." [1] "The Yālppānavaipavamālai emphasizes that the kings had both Tamil and Sinhalese subjects, the latter sometimes rebellious." [2]
[1]: (Peebles 2006: 27) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
[2]: (Peebles 2006: 32) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
Tamil is a Dravidian language, Sinhalese Indio-Aryan. "The island for the first time was divided into a Sinhala-speaking southeast and a Tamil-speaking northwest." [1] "The Yālppānavaipavamālai emphasizes that the kings had both Tamil and Sinhalese subjects, the latter sometimes rebellious." [2]
[1]: (Peebles 2006: 27) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
[2]: (Peebles 2006: 32) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
"The island for the first time was divided into a Sinhala-speaking southeast and a Tamil-speaking northwest." [1] "The Yalppanavaipavamalai emphasizes that the kings had both Tamil and Sinhalese subjects, the latter sometimes rebellious." [2]
[1]: (Peebles 2006: 27) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
[2]: (Peebles 2006: 32) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
"The island for the first time was divided into a Sinhala-speaking southeast and a Tamil-speaking northwest." [1] "The Yalppanavaipavamalai emphasizes that the kings had both Tamil and Sinhalese subjects, the latter sometimes rebellious." [2]
[1]: (Peebles 2006: 27) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
[2]: (Peebles 2006: 32) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.
"Ibn Battuta visited the Jaffna kingdom in 1344. He landed at a port at which the king, possibly Varōtaya’s successor Mārttānta Cinkaiyāriyan, was residing temporarily, perhaps Puttalam. The king had a large merchant fleet and was heavily involved in the export of cinnamon". [1]
[1]: (Peebles 2006: 32) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.