Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Law

Court

Talking about law, courts are buildings specialized for legal proceedings only.  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
court The absence or presence of court for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Court   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Dynasty of E
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
2
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
3
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
4
Susiana A
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
5
Susiana B
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
6
Susiana - Late Ubaid
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
7
Jenne-jeno III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
8
Hawaii II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
9
Late Cappadocia
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
10
Elam - Awan Dynasty I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
11
Susa III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
12
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
13
Xianbei Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
14
Formative Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
15
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
16
Proto-French Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
17
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
18
Longshan
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
19
Zungharian Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
20
Koktepe II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
21
Hawaii I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
22
Hawaii III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
23
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
24
Late Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
25
Early Qing
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
26
Late Qing
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
27
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
28
Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
29
Egypt - Saite Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
30
Inca Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
31
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
32
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
33
Carolingian Empire I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
34
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
35
Erligang
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
36
Aro
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
37
Kingdom of Kaffa
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
38
Sultanate of Geledi
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
39
Erlitou
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
40
Badarian
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
41
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
42
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
43
West Burkina Faso Yellow I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
44
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
45
Naqada II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
46
Naqada I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
47
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
48
Susa I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
49
Mahajanapada era
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
50
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
51
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
52
Andronovo
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
53
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
54
Pre-Ceramic Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
55
Bazi Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
56
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Confident No Edit
57
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
58
Rouran Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
59
Monopalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
60
Segou Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
61
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
absent
Confident No Edit
62
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
63
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
64
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
65
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
66
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
67
Roman Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
68
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
69
Neolithic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
70
Monte Alban III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
71
Early Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
72
Roman Empire - Principate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
73
Monte Alban Late I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
74
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
75
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
76
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
77
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
absent
Confident No Edit
78
Latium - Iron Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
79
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
80
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
81
Middle Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
82
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
absent
Confident No Edit
83
Early Monte Alban I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
84
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
85
New Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
86
The Old Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
87
Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
88
Prepalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
89
Latium - Bronze Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
90
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
91
Late Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
92
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
93
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
94
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
95
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
96
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
97
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
98
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
99
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
100
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
101
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
102
Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
103
Oneota
-
absent
Confident No Edit
104
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
105
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
106
Durrani Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
107
Kingdom of Nyinginya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
108
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
109
Japan - Incipient Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
110
Japan - Initial Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
111
Japan - Early Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
112
Japan - Middle Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
113
Japan - Late Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
114
Japan - Final Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
115
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
116
Archaic Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
117
Aztec Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
118
Epiclassic Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
119
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
120
Initial Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
121
Toltecs
-
absent
Confident No Edit
122
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
123
Early A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
124
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
125
Sakha - Late
1632 CE 1889 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
126
Chagatai Khanate
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
127
Early Illinois Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
128
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
129
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
130
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
131
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
132
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
133
Umayyad Caliphate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
134
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
1841 CE 1924 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
135
Monte Alban II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
136
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Confident No Edit
137
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
138
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
139
Phoenician Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
140
Dutch Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
141
Saadi Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
142
Bamana kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
143
Kara-Khanids
-
present
Inferred No Edit
144
Indo-Greek Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
145
Himyar II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
146
Eastern Han Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
147
Sasanid Empire II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
148
Hoysala Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
149
Western Han Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
150
Rattanakosin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
151
Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
152
Western Zhou
-
present
Inferred No Edit
153
Early Wei Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
154
Himyar I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
155
Northern Wei
-
present
Inferred No Edit
156
Khwarezmid Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
157
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
158
Western Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
159
Kediri Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
160
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
161
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
1924 CE 1987 CE
present
Inferred No Edit
162
Sasanid Empire I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
163
Ottoman Empire I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
164
Denyanke Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
165
Imamate of Futa Toro
-
present
Inferred No Edit
166
Kanem-Borno
-
present
Inferred No Edit
167
Igala
-
present
Inferred No Edit
168
Ottoman Emirate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
169
Neo-Hittite Kingdoms
-
present
Inferred No Edit
170
Ilkhanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
171
Ghur Principality
-
present
Inferred No Edit
172
Kampili Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
173
Majapahit Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
174
Republic of St Peter I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
175
Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
-
present
Inferred No Edit
176
Isaaq Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
177
Ifat Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
178
Medang Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
179
Shoa Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
180
Habr Yunis
-
present
Inferred No Edit
181
Ajuran Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
182
Tunni Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
183
Buyid Confederation
-
present
Inferred No Edit
184
Adal Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
185
Mataram Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
186
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
present
Confident No Edit
187
Great Ming
-
present
Confident No Edit
188
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
189
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
190
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
present
Confident No Edit
191
Early Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
192
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
present
Confident No Edit
193
British Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
194
Kingdom of Jimma
-
present
Confident No Edit
195
Isin-Larsa
-
present
Confident No Edit
196
Seljuk Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
197
The Emirate of Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
198
Republic of Venice III
-
present
Confident No Edit
199
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
200
Early Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
201
Chenla
-
present
Confident No Edit
202
Funan II
-
present
Confident No Edit
203
Byzantine Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
204
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
205
Ottoman Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
206
Hellenistic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
207
Tang Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
208
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
209
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
210
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
present
Confident No Edit
211
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
212
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
213
French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
214
Archaic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
215
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
216
Soviet Union
1923 CE 1991 CE
present
Confident No Edit
217
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
1867 CE 1918 CE
present
Confident No Edit
218
Samanid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
219
Safavid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
220
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
221
Late Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
222
Khmer Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
223
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
present
Confident No Edit
224
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
present
Confident No Edit
225
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
present
Confident No Edit
226
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
present
Confident No Edit
227
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
228
Sakha - Late
1890 CE 1900 CE
present
Confident No Edit
229
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
230
Ottoman Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
231
Rum Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
232
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
233
Timurid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
234
Northern Song
-
present
Confident No Edit
235
Sui Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
236
Tang Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
237
French Kingdom - Late Capetian
-
present
Confident No Edit
238
French Kingdom - Early Valois
-
present
Confident No Edit
239
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
240
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
241
Chalukyas of Badami
-
present
Confident No Edit
242
Chalukyas of Kalyani
-
present
Confident No Edit
243
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
244
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
245
Rashtrakuta Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
246
Vakataka Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
247
Vijayanagara Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
248
Achaemenid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
249
Parthian Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
250
Parthian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
251
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
252
Republic of Venice IV
-
present
Confident No Edit
253
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
254
Later Wagadu Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
255
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
256
Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
257
Ayutthaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
258
Fatimid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
259
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
present
Confident No Edit
260
Chagatai Khanate
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
261
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident No Edit
262
Rasulid Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
263
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
264
Funj Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
265
Emirate of Harar
-
present
Confident No Edit
266
Foys
-
present
Confident No Edit
267
Benin Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
268
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
269
Spanish Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
270
Proto-Carolingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
271
Middle Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
272
Ashanti Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
273
Classical Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
274
Akkadian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
275
Early United Mexican States
-
present
Confident No Edit
276
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
present
Confident No Edit
277
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
278
Kamakura Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
279
Classical Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
280
Plantagenet England
-
present
Confident No Edit
281
Funan I
-
present
Confident No Edit
282
Byzantine Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
283
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
284
Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
285
Lombard Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
286
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
present
Confident No Edit
287
Antebellum US
-
present
Confident No Edit
288
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
present
Confident No Edit
289
Anglo-Saxon England II
-
present
Confident No Edit
290
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
291
Golden Horde
-
present
Confident No Edit
292
British Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
293
Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
294
Anglo-Saxon England I
-
present
Confident No Edit
295
Napoleonic France
-
present
Confident No Edit
296
Early Dynastic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
297
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
298
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
299
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
300
Hallstatt A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
301
Beaker Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
302
Atlantic Complex
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
303
Yangshao
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
304
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
305
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
306
West Burkina Faso Yellow II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
307
Oyo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
308
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
309
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
310
Koktepe I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
311
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
312
Uigur Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
313
Axum I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
314
Carolingian Empire II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
315
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
316
Saffarid Caliphate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
317
Kushan Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
318
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
319
Yisrael
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
320
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
321
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
322
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
323
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
324
Canaan
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
325
Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
326
Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
327
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
328
Deccan - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
329
Sarazm
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
330
Sind - Samma Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
331
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
332
Hohokam Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
333
Wari Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
334
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
335
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
336
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
337
La Tene C2-D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
338
La Tene B2-C1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
339
La Tene A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
340
Seleucids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
341
Second Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
342
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
343
Cuzco - Early Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
344
Elam - Early Sukkalmah
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
345
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
346
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
347
Susa II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
348
Khitan I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
349
Satavahana Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
350
Deccan - Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
351
Qajar
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
352
Elam II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
353
Western Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
354
Warring States Japan
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
355
Uruk
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
356
Ur - Dynasty III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
357
Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
358
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
359
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
unknown
Confident No Edit