Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Transport infrastructure

Canal

Talking about transport infrastructure, canals refers to canals built and/or maintained by the polity (that is, code 'present' even if the polity did not build a canal, but devotes resources to maintaining it).  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
canal The absence or presence of canal for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Canal   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
2
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
3
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
4
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
5
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
6
Later Wagadu Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
7
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
8
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
9
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
10
Hawaii II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
11
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
12
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
13
Susa III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
14
Susa II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
15
Plantagenet England
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
16
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
17
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
18
Phoenician Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
19
La Tene B2-C1
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
20
Naqada I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
21
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
22
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
23
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
24
Anglo-Saxon England II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
25
Lombard Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
26
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
27
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
28
Anglo-Saxon England I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
29
Durrani Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
30
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
31
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
absent
Confident No Edit
32
Ashanti Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
33
Archaic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
34
Classical Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
35
The Emirate of Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
36
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
37
Hellenistic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
38
Monopalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
39
Neolithic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
40
New Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
41
The Old Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
42
Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
43
Prepalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
44
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
45
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
46
Canaan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
47
Yisrael
-
absent
Confident No Edit
48
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
49
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
50
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
51
Early A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
52
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Confident No Edit
53
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
54
Latium - Bronze Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
55
Latium - Iron Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
56
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
57
Early Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
58
Roman Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
59
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
60
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
61
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
62
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
63
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
absent
Confident No Edit
64
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
absent
Confident No Edit
65
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
66
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
67
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
68
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
69
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
70
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
71
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
72
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
73
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
absent
Confident No Edit
74
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
75
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
76
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
77
Oneota
-
absent
Confident No Edit
78
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
79
Yehuda
-
absent
Confident No Edit
80
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
81
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
82
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
83
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
84
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Confident No Edit
85
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
absent
Confident No Edit
86
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
87
Early Monte Alban I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
88
Monte Alban Late I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
89
Monte Alban II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
90
Monte Alban III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
91
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
92
Early Illinois Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
93
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
absent
Confident No Edit
94
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
1614 CE 1706 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
95
Isin-Larsa
-
present
Inferred No Edit
96
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
97
Dynasty of E
-
present
Inferred No Edit
98
Bazi Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
99
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
100
Kassite Babylonia
-
present
Inferred No Edit
101
Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
102
Majapahit Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
103
Longshan
-
present
Inferred No Edit
104
Western Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
105
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
106
Kushan Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
107
Timurid Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
108
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
109
Byzantine Empire I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
110
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
111
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
112
Seljuk Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
113
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
114
Early Wei Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
115
Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
116
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
117
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
118
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
present
Inferred No Edit
119
Late Angkor
-
present
Inferred No Edit
120
Heian
-
present
Inferred No Edit
121
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
122
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
present
Inferred No Edit
123
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
124
Elymais II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
125
Elam - Awan Dynasty I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
126
Ak Koyunlu
-
present
Inferred No Edit
127
Early Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
128
Vijayanagara Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
129
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
130
Early Dynastic
-
present
Confident No Edit
131
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
132
Neo-Babylonian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
133
Uruk
-
present
Confident No Edit
134
Parthian Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
135
Sasanid Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
136
Middle Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
137
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
138
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
139
Funan II
-
present
Confident No Edit
140
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
141
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
1706 CE 1775 CE
present
Confident No Edit
142
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
143
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
144
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
present
Confident No Edit
145
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident No Edit
146
Early United Mexican States
-
present
Confident No Edit
147
Eastern Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
148
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
present
Confident No Edit
149
Great Ming
-
present
Confident No Edit
150
Early Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
151
Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
152
Sui Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
153
Western Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
154
Western Zhou
-
present
Confident No Edit
155
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
156
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
157
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
158
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
159
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
160
Umayyad Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
161
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
162
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
163
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Confident No Edit
164
Egypt - Saite Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
165
Spanish Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
166
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
167
Early Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
168
Proto-Carolingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
169
Middle Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
170
Late Tiwanaku
-
present
Confident No Edit
171
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
172
Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase
-
present
Confident No Edit
173
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
174
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
175
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
176
Ilkhanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
177
Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties
-
present
Confident No Edit
178
Parthian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
179
Akkadian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
180
Amorite Babylonia
-
present
Confident No Edit
181
Ur - Dynasty III
-
present
Confident No Edit
182
Achaemenid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
183
Buyid Confederation
-
present
Confident No Edit
184
Ayutthaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
185
Safavid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
186
Seleucids
-
present
Confident No Edit
187
Napoleonic France
-
present
Confident No Edit
188
British Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
189
Antebellum US
-
present
Confident No Edit
190
Late Classic Tikal
-
present
Confident No Edit
191
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
192
Late Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
193
Roman Empire - Principate
-
present
Confident No Edit
194
Republic of Venice III
-
present
Confident No Edit
195
Republic of Venice IV
-
present
Confident No Edit
196
Asuka
-
present
Confident No Edit
197
Byzantine Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
198
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
present
Confident No Edit
199
Kamakura Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
200
Nara Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
201
Classical Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
202
Khmer Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
203
Chenla
-
present
Confident No Edit
204
Khwarezmid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
205
Golden Horde
-
present
Confident No Edit
206
Northern Song
-
present
Confident No Edit
207
Tang Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
208
Tang Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
209
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
-
present
Confident No Edit
210
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
211
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
212
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Confident No Edit
213
Funan I
-
present
Confident No Edit
214
Fatimid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
215
French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
216
Kediri Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
217
Mataram Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
218
Saffarid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
219
Mongol Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
220
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
present
Confident No Edit
221
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
present
Confident No Edit
222
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
present
Confident No Edit
223
Ottoman Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
224
Ottoman Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
225
Soviet Union
1923 CE 1991 CE
present
Confident No Edit
226
Samanid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
227
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
228
Dutch Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
229
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
230
Spanish Empire II
1716 CE 1814 CE
present
Confident No Edit
231
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
232
British Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
233
Hohokam Culture
-
present
Confident No Edit
234
Inca Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
235
Armenian Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
236
Rattanakosin
-
present
Confident No Edit
237
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
238
Neo-Hittite Kingdoms
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
239
Phrygian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
240
Axum I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
241
Susa I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
242
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
243
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
244
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
245
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
246
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
247
Himyar II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
248
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
249
Kansai - Kofun Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
250
Tocharians
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
251
Oyo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
252
Kanem
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
253
Koktepe I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
254
Himyar I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
255
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
256
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
257
Hawaii III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
258
Jenne-jeno III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
259
Hawaii I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
260
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
261
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
262
French Kingdom - Early Valois
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
263
Zungharian Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
264
Chalukyas of Badami
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
265
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
266
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
267
Hephthalites
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
268
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
269
Naqada II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
270
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
271
Ottoman Emirate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
272
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
273
Elam - Early Sukkalmah
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
274
Chagatai Khanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
275
Chalukyas of Kalyani
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
276
Sarazm
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
277
Mali Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
278
Beaker Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
279
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
280
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
281
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
282
Late Xiongnu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
283
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
284
Kara-Khanids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
285
Xianbei Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
286
Atlantic Complex
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
287
Yangshao
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
288
Andronovo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
289
Badarian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
290
Republic of St Peter I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
291
Proto-French Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
292
Saadi Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
293
La Tene C2-D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
294
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
295
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
296
Deccan - Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
297
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
298
Second Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
299
Uigur Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
300
Kadamba Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
301
Hallstatt A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
302
Rashtrakuta Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
303
Khitan I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
304
Rouran Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
305
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
306
Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
307
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
308
Carolingian Empire II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
309
Formative Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
310
Susiana B
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
311
Deccan - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
312
Susiana - Late Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
313
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
314
Pre-Ceramic Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
315
Warring States Japan
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit