Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Forms of money

Paper Currency

Paper currency or another kind of fiat money. note that this only refers to indigenously produced paper currency. code absent if colonial money is used.  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
paper_currency The absence or presence of paper currency for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Paper Currency   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Mossi
1100 CE 1750 CE
unknown
Suspected No Edit
2
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
1615 CE 1769 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
3
French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
1700 CE 1720 CE
present
Confident No Edit
4
Spanish Empire II
1716 CE 1814 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
5
Mossi
1751 CE 1897 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
6
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
1769 CE 1775 CE
present
Confident No Edit
7
Rattanakosin
1782 CE 1862 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
8
Rattanakosin
1862 CE 1873 CE
present
Confident No Edit
9
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
1867 CE 1918 CE
present
Confident No Edit
10
Soviet Union
1923 CE 1991 CE
present
Confident No Edit
11
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
12
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
13
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
14
Badarian
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
15
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
16
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
17
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
18
Kidarite Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
19
Kushan Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
20
Tocharians
-
absent
Confident No Edit
21
Hmong - Late Qing
-
absent
Confident No Edit
22
Northern Wei
-
absent
Confident No Edit
23
Sui Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
24
Tang Dynasty II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
25
Early Wei Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
26
Neguanje
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
27
Tairona
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
28
Antebellum US
-
A~P
Confident No Edit
29
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
-
A~P
Confident No Edit
30
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
31
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
32
Naqada I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
33
Naqada II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
34
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
35
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
36
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
37
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
38
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
39
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
40
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
41
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
42
Egypt - Saite Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
43
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
44
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
45
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
46
Axum I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
47
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
48
Beaker Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
49
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
50
Proto-French Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
51
French Kingdom - Late Capetian
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
52
Carolingian Empire II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
53
Hallstatt A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
54
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
55
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
56
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
57
Early Merovingian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
58
Proto-Carolingian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
59
Middle Merovingian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
60
La Tene A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
61
La Tene B2-C1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
62
La Tene C2-D
-
absent
Confident No Edit
63
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
64
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
absent
Confident No Edit
65
Archaic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
66
Classical Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
67
The Emirate of Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
68
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
69
Geometric Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
70
Monopalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
71
Erligang
-
absent
Confident No Edit
72
Erlitou
-
absent
Confident No Edit
73
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
74
Jin
-
absent
Confident No Edit
75
Longshan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
76
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
77
Late Shang
-
absent
Confident No Edit
78
Western Han Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
79
Yangshao
-
absent
Confident No Edit
80
Atlantic Complex
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
81
Ashanti Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
82
Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
83
Prepalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
84
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
85
Kalingga Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
86
Mataram Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
87
Canaan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
88
Yehuda
-
absent
Confident No Edit
89
Yisrael
-
absent
Confident No Edit
90
Chalukyas of Badami
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
91
Chalukyas of Kalyani
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
92
Deccan - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
93
Deccan - Neolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
94
Hoysala Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
95
Kadamba Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
96
Kampili Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
97
Mughal Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
98
Satavahana Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
99
Vakataka Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
100
Vijayanagara Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
101
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
102
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
103
Isin-Larsa
-
absent
Confident No Edit
104
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
105
Achaemenid Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
106
Ak Koyunlu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
107
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
absent
Confident No Edit
108
Elam - Awan Dynasty I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
109
Buyid Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
110
Elymais II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
111
Formative Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
112
Susiana A
-
absent
Confident No Edit
113
Susiana B
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
114
Susiana - Late Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
115
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
116
Elam - Kidinuid Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
117
Elam - Igihalkid Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
118
Elam - Shutrukid Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
119
Elam I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
120
Elam II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
121
Elam III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
122
Parthian Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
123
Parthian Empire II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
124
Pre-Ceramic Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
125
Sasanid Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
126
Sasanid Empire II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
127
Seleucids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
128
Elam - Early Sukkalmah
-
absent
Confident No Edit
129
Susa I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
130
Susa II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
131
Susa III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
132
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
133
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
134
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
135
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
136
Medang Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
137
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
138
Rashtrakuta Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
139
Akkadian Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
140
Early Dynastic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
141
Ubaid
-
absent
Confident No Edit
142
Ur - Dynasty III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
143
Uruk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
144
Safavid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
145
Seljuk Sultanate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
146
Elam - Shimashki Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
147
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Confident No Edit
148
Latium - Bronze Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
149
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
150
Latium - Iron Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
151
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
absent
Confident No Edit
152
Republic of St Peter I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
153
Asuka
-
absent
Confident No Edit
154
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
absent
Confident No Edit
155
Nara Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
156
Western Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
157
Andronovo
-
absent
Confident No Edit
158
Phoenician Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
159
Saadi Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
160
Bamana kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
161
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
162
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
163
Jenne-jeno III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
164
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
165
Mali Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
166
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
167
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
168
Later Wagadu Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
169
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
170
Indo-Greek Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
171
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
172
Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
173
Late Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
174
Roman Empire - Principate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
175
Japan - Incipient Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
176
Japan - Initial Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
177
Japan - Early Jomon
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
178
Japan - Late Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
179
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
180
Kara-Khanids
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
181
Funan I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
182
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
183
Late Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
184
Shiwei
-
absent
Confident No Edit
185
Second Turk Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
186
Uigur Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
187
Late Xiongnu
-
absent
Confident No Edit
188
Zungharian Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
189
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
absent
Confident No Edit
190
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
absent
Confident No Edit
191
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
192
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
193
Wari Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
194
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
195
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
196
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
197
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
198
Umayyad Caliphate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
199
Sarazm
-
absent
Confident No Edit
200
Fatimid Caliphate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
201
Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
202
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
203
Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
204
Late Cappadocia
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
205
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
206
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
207
East Roman Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
208
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
209
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
210
Kingdom of Lydia
-
absent
Confident No Edit
211
Lysimachus Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
212
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
213
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
214
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
215
Ottoman Emirate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
216
Ottoman Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
217
Ottoman Empire II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
218
Ottoman Empire III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
219
Phrygian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
220
Rum Sultanate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
221
Tabal Kingdoms
-
absent
Confident No Edit
222
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
absent
Confident No Edit
223
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
absent
Confident No Edit
224
Early Illinois Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
225
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
226
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
227
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
228
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
229
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
230
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
231
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
232
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
absent
Confident No Edit
233
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
234
Oneota
-
absent
Confident No Edit
235
Chagatai Khanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
236
Khanate of Bukhara
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
237
Koktepe I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
238
Koktepe II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
239
Himyar I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
240
Himyar II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
241
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
242
Rasulid Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
243
Yemen Ziyad Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
244
Durrani Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
245
Hephthalites
-
absent
Confident No Edit
246
Eastern Han Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
247
Western Jin
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
248
Great Ming
-
present
Confident No Edit
249
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
250
Ayutthaya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
251
Byzantine Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
252
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
253
Ancient Khwarazm
-
absent
Confident No Edit
254
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
255
Northern Song
-
present
Confident No Edit
256
Classical Angkor
-
absent
Confident No Edit
257
Early Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
258
Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
259
Tang Dynasty I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
260
Western Zhou
-
absent
Confident No Edit
261
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
262
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
263
Spanish Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
264
Japan - Final Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
265
Kamakura Shogunate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
266
Kassite Babylonia
-
absent
Confident No Edit
267
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
present
Confident No Edit
268
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
present
Confident No Edit
269
British Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
270
Hawaii I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
271
Hawaii II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
272
Hawaii III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
273
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
274
Early A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
275
Late A'chik
-
present
Confident No Edit
276
Mahajanapada era
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
277
Kansai - Kofun Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
278
Saffarid Caliphate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
279
Napoleonic France
-
present
Confident No Edit
280
Bazi Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
281
Dynasty of E
-
absent
Confident No Edit
282
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
absent
Confident No Edit
283
Neo-Babylonian Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
284
Elam - Crisis Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
285
Ilkhanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
286
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
287
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
288
Early Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
289
Middle Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
290
Roman Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
291
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
292
Heian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
293
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
294
Early Angkor
-
absent
Confident No Edit
295
Late Angkor
-
absent
Confident No Edit
296
Khmer Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
297
Chenla
-
absent
Confident No Edit
298
Funan II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
299
Mongol Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
300
Rouran Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
301
Xianbei Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
302
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
303
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
304
Early Monte Alban I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
305
Monte Alban Late I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
306
Monte Alban II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
307
Monte Alban III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
308
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Confident No Edit
309
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
310
Nkore
-
absent
Confident No Edit
311
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
312
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
313
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
314
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Confident No Edit
315
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
absent
Confident No Edit
316
Cuzco - Early Intermediate I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
317
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
318
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
319
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
absent
Confident No Edit
320
Inca Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
321
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
322
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
323
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
324
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
325
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
326
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
327
Byzantine Empire II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
328
Ghur Principality
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
329
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
330
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
331
Samanid Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
332
Timurid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
333
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
334
Early Modern Sierra Leone
-
absent
Confident No Edit
335
Plantagenet England
-
absent
Confident No Edit
336
Freetown
-
absent
Confident No Edit
337
Buganda
-
absent
Confident No Edit
338
Toro
-
absent
Confident No Edit
339
Buganda
-
absent
Confident No Edit
340
Kingdom of Nyinginya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
341
Ndorwa
-
absent
Confident No Edit
342
Burundi
-
absent
Confident No Edit
343
Mubari
-
absent
Confident No Edit
344
Gisaka
-
absent
Confident No Edit
345
Bugesera
-
absent
Confident No Edit
346
Dutch Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
347
Lombard Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
348
Buhaya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
349
Kaabu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
350
Pre-Sape Sierra Leone
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
351
West Burkina Faso Red II and III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
352
West Burkina Faso Red IV
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
353
Sape
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
354
Classical Ife
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
355
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
absent
Confident No Edit
356
Khwarezmid Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
357
Hohokam Culture
-
absent
Confident No Edit
358
Aro
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
359
Kanem-Borno
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
360
Benin Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
361
Karagwe
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
362
Early United Mexican States
-
present
Confident No Edit
363
Golden Horde
-
A~P
Confident No Edit
364
British Empire I
-
A~P
Confident No Edit
365
Anglo-Saxon England II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
366
Anglo-Saxon England I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
367
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
present
Confident No Edit
368
Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty
-
absent
Confident No Edit
369
Byzantine Empire III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
370
Neolithic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
371
New Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
372
The Old Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
373
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
374
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
absent
Confident No Edit
375
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
376
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
377
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
378
Japan - Middle Jomon
-
absent
Inferred No Edit