Section: Bureaucracy characteristics
Variable: Merit Promotion (All coded records)
Talking about Bureaucracy characteristics, Merit promotion is coded present if there are regular, institutionalized procedures for promotion based on performance. When exceptional individuals are promoted to the top ranks, in the absence of institutionalized procedures, we code it under institution and equity variables  
Merit Promotion
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Early Qing present Confident 1644 CE 1796 CE
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2 Late Qing present Confident 1796 CE 1912 CE
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3 Archaic Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 6000 BCE 2001 BCE
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4 Initial Formative Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 2000 BCE 1201 BCE
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5 Early Formative Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 1200 BCE 801 BCE
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6 Middle Formative Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 800 BCE 401 BCE
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7 Late Formative Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 400 BCE 101 BCE
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8 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 100 BCE 99 CE
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9 Epiclassic Basin of Mexico absent Confident Uncertain 650 CE 899 CE
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10 Epiclassic Basin of Mexico present Confident Uncertain 650 CE 899 CE
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11 Toltecs unknown Suspected 900 CE 1199 CE
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12 Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico unknown Suspected 1200 CE 1426 CE
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13 Aztec Empire present Confident 1427 CE 1526 CE
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14 Hawaii I absent Inferred 1000 CE 1200 CE
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15 Hawaii II absent Inferred 1200 CE 1580 CE
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16 Hawaii III absent Inferred 1580 CE 1778 CE
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17 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period present Confident 1778 CE 1819 CE
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18 Cahokia - Early Woodland absent Confident 600 BCE 150 BCE
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19 Cahokia - Middle Woodland absent Confident 150 BCE 300 CE
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20 Cahokia - Late Woodland I absent Confident 300 CE 450 CE
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21 Cahokia - Late Woodland II absent Confident 450 CE 600 CE
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22 Cahokia - Late Woodland III absent Confident 600 CE 750 CE
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23 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I absent Confident 750 CE 900 CE
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24 Funan I absent Confident 225 CE 540 CE
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25 Funan II absent Confident 540 CE 640 CE
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26 Chenla absent Confident 550 CE 825 CE
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27 Early Angkor absent Inferred 802 CE 1100 CE
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28 Classical Angkor absent Inferred 1100 CE 1220 CE
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29 Late Angkor absent Inferred 1220 CE 1432 CE
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30 Khmer Kingdom absent Confident 1432 CE 1594 CE
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31 Ayutthaya absent Confident 1593 CE 1767 CE
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32 Rattanakosin absent Inferred 1782 CE 1873 CE
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33 Majapahit Kingdom unknown Suspected 1292 CE 1518 CE
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34 Chuuk - Early Truk absent Confident 1775 CE 1886 CE
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35 Neolithic Crete absent Confident 7000 BCE 3000 BCE
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36 Prepalatial Crete absent Confident 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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37 Roman Empire - Principate absent Inferred 31 BCE 284 CE
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38 Roman Empire - Dominate absent Inferred 285 CE 394 CE
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39 East Roman Empire present Confident 395 CE 631 CE
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40 Byzantine Empire I present Confident 632 CE 866 CE
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41 The Emirate of Crete unknown Suspected 824 CE 961 CE
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42 Byzantine Empire II present Confident 867 CE 1072 CE
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43 Byzantine Empire III present Confident 1073 CE 1204 CE
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44 Cuzco - Late Formative unknown Suspected 500 BCE 200 CE
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45 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I absent Inferred 200 CE 499 CE
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46 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II unknown Suspected 500 CE 649 CE
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47 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I unknown Suspected 1000 CE 1250 CE
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48 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II absent Confident 1250 CE 1400 CE
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49 Inca Empire present Inferred 1375 CE 1532 CE
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50 Spanish Empire I present Confident 1516 CE 1715 CE
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51 Deccan - Neolithic unknown Suspected 2700 BCE 1200 BCE
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52 Deccan - Iron Age unknown Suspected 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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53 Magadha - Maurya Empire absent Confident 324 BCE 187 BCE
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54 Satavahana Empire unknown Suspected 100 BCE 203 CE
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55 Kadamba Empire unknown Suspected 345 CE 550 CE
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56 Rashtrakuta Empire absent Confident 753 CE 973 CE
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57 Mughal Empire present Inferred 1526 CE 1858 CE
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58 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early absent Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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59 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late absent Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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60 Canaan unknown Suspected 2000 BCE 1175 BCE
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61 Phoenician Empire unknown Suspected 1200 BCE 332 BCE
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62 Yisrael unknown Confident 1030 BCE 722 BCE
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63 Neo-Assyrian Empire absent Inferred 911 BCE 612 BCE
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64 Achaemenid Empire present Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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65 Ptolemaic Kingdom I present Confident 305 BCE 217 BCE
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66 Early A'chik absent Confident 1775 CE 1867 CE
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67 Late A'chik absent Confident 1867 CE 1956 CE
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68 Akan - Pre-Ashanti absent Confident 1501 CE 1701 CE
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69 Ashanti Empire unknown Suspected 1701 CE 1895 CE
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70 Kingdom of Norway II absent Confident 1262 CE 1396 CE
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71 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic absent Confident 7500 BCE 5500 BCE
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72 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident 5500 BCE 4000 BCE
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73 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic absent Confident 4000 BCE 3200 BCE
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74 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period absent Confident 3200 BCE 2500 BCE
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75 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period unknown Suspected 1300 BCE 500 BCE
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76 Parthian Empire I absent Confident 247 BCE 40 CE
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77 Kushan Empire absent Confident 35 CE 319 CE
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78 Sasanid Empire I absent Inferred 205 CE 487 CE
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79 Hephthalites absent Inferred 408 CE 561 CE
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80 Sasanid Empire II absent Confident 488 CE 642 CE
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81 Umayyad Caliphate present Confident 661 CE 750 CE
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82 Abbasid Caliphate I present Confident Disputed 750 CE 946 CE
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83 Abbasid Caliphate I absent Confident Disputed 750 CE 946 CE
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84 Delhi Sultanate present Inferred 1206 CE 1526 CE
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85 Durrani Empire absent Inferred 1747 CE 1826 CE
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86 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Confident 13600 BCE 9200 BCE
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87 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Confident 9200 BCE 5300 BCE
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88 Japan - Early Jomon absent Confident 5300 BCE 3500 BCE
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89 Japan - Middle Jomon absent Confident 3500 BCE 2500 BCE
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90 Japan - Late Jomon absent Confident 2500 BCE 1200 BCE
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91 Japan - Final Jomon absent Confident 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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92 Kansai - Yayoi Period absent Confident 300 BCE 250 CE
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93 Asuka present Confident 538 CE 710 CE
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94 Heian present Confident 794 CE 1185 CE
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95 Kamakura Shogunate absent Confident 1185 CE 1333 CE
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96 Ashikaga Shogunate absent Confident 1336 CE 1467 CE
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97 Warring States Japan absent Confident 1467 CE 1568 CE
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98 Tokugawa Shogunate present Confident 1603 CE 1868 CE
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99 Iban - Pre-Brooke absent Confident 1650 CE 1841 CE
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100 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial absent Confident 1841 CE 1987 CE
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101 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic absent Inferred 9600 BCE 7000 BCE
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102 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Inferred 7000 BCE 6600 BCE
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103 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic absent Inferred 6600 BCE 6000 BCE
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104 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic absent Inferred 6000 BCE 5500 BCE
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105 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic unknown Suspected 5500 BCE 3000 BCE
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106 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age absent Inferred 3000 BCE 2000 BCE
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107 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia unknown Suspected 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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108 Hatti - Old Kingdom present Confident 1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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109 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II present Inferred 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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110 Hatti - New Kingdom present Confident 1400 BCE 1180 BCE
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111 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms unknown Suspected 1180 BCE 900 BCE
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112 Phrygian Kingdom unknown Suspected 900 BCE 695 BCE
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113 Lysimachus Kingdom unknown Suspected 323 BCE 281 BCE
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114 Rum Sultanate absent Inferred 1077 CE 1307 CE
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115 Ilkhanate absent Inferred 1256 CE 1339 CE
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116 Ottoman Empire I present Inferred 1402 CE 1517 CE
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117 Ottoman Empire II present Confident 1517 CE 1683 CE
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118 Ottoman Empire III present Confident 1683 CE 1839 CE
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119 Latium - Copper Age absent Confident 3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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120 Latium - Bronze Age absent Confident 1800 BCE 900 BCE
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121 Latium - Iron Age absent Confident 1000 BCE 580 BCE
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122 Roman Kingdom absent Confident 716 BCE 509 BCE
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123 Early Roman Republic absent Confident 509 BCE 264 BCE
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124 Middle Roman Republic absent Confident 264 BCE 133 BCE
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125 Late Roman Republic absent Inferred 133 BCE 31 BCE
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126 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity absent Confident Uncertain 395 CE 476 CE
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127 Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity present Confident Uncertain 395 CE 476 CE
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128 Ostrogothic Kingdom absent Inferred 489 CE 554 CE
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129 Exarchate of Ravenna absent Inferred 568 CE 751 CE
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130 Rome - Republic of St Peter II present Confident 904 CE 1198 CE
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131 Papal States - Renaissance Period present Confident 1378 CE 1527 CE
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132 Papal States - Medieval Period I absent Inferred 1527 CE 1648 CE
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133 Papal States - Medieval Period II absent Inferred 1648 CE 1809 CE
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134 Sakha - Early absent Confident 1400 CE 1632 CE
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135 Sakha - Late absent Inferred 1632 CE 1900 CE
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136 Shuar - Colonial absent Confident 1534 CE 1830 CE
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137 Shuar - Ecuadorian absent Confident 1831 CE 1931 CE
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138 Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period unknown Suspected 1550 BCE 1293 BCE
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139 Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period unknown Suspected 1293 BCE 1070 BCE
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140 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period unknown Suspected 1069 BCE 747 BCE
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141 Egypt - Saite Period present Inferred 664 BCE 571 BCE
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142 Egypt - Saite Period absent Inferred 570 BCE 525 BCE
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143 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period absent Inferred 404 BCE 342 BCE
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144 Ptolemaic Kingdom II present Confident 217 BCE 30 BCE
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145 Fatimid Caliphate present Confident 909 CE 1171 CE
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146 Later Wagadu Empire unknown Suspected 1078 CE 1203 CE
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147 Mali Empire unknown Suspected 1230 CE 1410 CE
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148 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I present Confident 1260 CE 1348 CE
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149 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II present Confident 1348 CE 1412 CE
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150 Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III present Confident 1412 CE 1517 CE
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151 Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty unknown Suspected 1493 CE 1591 CE
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152 Late Shang absent Inferred 1250 BCE 1045 BCE
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153 Western Zhou present Inferred 1122 BCE 771 BCE
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154 Jin present Confident 780 BCE 404 BCE
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155 Western Han Empire present Confident 202 BCE 9 CE
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156 Eastern Han Empire present Confident 25 CE 150 CE
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157 Eastern Han Empire absent Confident 200 CE 220 CE
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158 Eastern Han Empire unknown Confident 151 CE 199 CE
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159 Western Jin present Inferred 265 CE 317 CE
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160 Northern Wei absent Inferred 386 CE 534 CE
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161 Sui Dynasty present Confident 581 CE 618 CE
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162 Tang Dynasty I present Confident 617 CE 763 CE
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163 Nara Kingdom present Confident 710 CE 794 CE
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164 Tang Dynasty II present Confident 763 CE 907 CE
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165 Jin Dynasty present Confident 1115 CE 1234 CE
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166 Great Yuan present Confident 1271 CE 1368 CE
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167 Great Ming present Confident 1368 CE 1644 CE
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168 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation absent Inferred 209 BCE 60 BCE
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169 Late Xiongnu absent Inferred 60 BCE 100 CE
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170 Rouran Khaganate unknown Suspected 300 CE 555 CE
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171 Western Turk Khaganate unknown Suspected 582 CE 630 CE
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172 Eastern Turk Khaganate unknown Suspected 583 CE 630 CE
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173 Uigur Khaganate unknown Suspected 745 CE 840 CE
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174 Samanid Empire absent Confident 943 CE 999 CE
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175 Samanid Empire present Confident 819 CE 942 CE
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176 Khitan I present Inferred 907 CE 1125 CE
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177 Kara-Khanids present Inferred 950 CE 1212 CE
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178 Khwarezmid Empire unknown Suspected 1157 CE 1231 CE
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179 Chagatai Khanate unknown Suspected 1263 CE 1402 CE
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180 Tudor and Early Stuart England present Confident 1486 CE 1689 CE
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181 Early Merovingian unknown Suspected 481 CE 543 CE
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182 Lombard Kingdom unknown Suspected 568 CE 774 CE
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183 Middle Merovingian absent Confident 543 CE 687 CE
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184 Carolingian Empire I unknown Suspected 752 CE 840 CE
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185 Carolingian Empire II present Confident 840 CE 987 CE
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186 French Kingdom - Early Valois present Inferred 1328 CE 1450 CE
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187 Kassite Babylonia absent Inferred 1595 BCE 1150 BCE
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188 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom absent Inferred 256 BCE 125 BCE
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189 Himyar I unknown Suspected 270 CE 340 CE
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190 Himyar II unknown Suspected 378 CE 525 CE
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191 Saffarid Caliphate unknown Suspected 861 CE 1003 CE
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192 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period absent Inferred 868 CE 969 CE
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193 Buyid Confederation absent Inferred 932 CE 1062 CE
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194 Seljuk Sultanate absent Inferred 1037 CE 1157 CE
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195 Ayyubid Sultanate absent Confident 1171 CE 1250 CE
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196 Rasulid Dynasty present Confident 1229 CE 1453 CE
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197 Timurid Empire absent Inferred 1370 CE 1526 CE
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198 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty present Inferred 1454 CE 1517 CE
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199 Safavid Empire absent Confident 1501 CE 1722 CE
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200 Yangshao unknown Suspected 5000 BCE 3000 BCE
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201 Early Wei Dynasty present Inferred 445 BCE 225 BCE
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202 Northern Song present Confident 960 CE 1127 CE
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203 Jenne-jeno I unknown Suspected 250 BCE 49 CE
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204 Jenne-jeno II unknown Suspected 50 CE 399 CE
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205 Jenne-jeno III unknown Suspected 400 CE 899 CE
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206 Jenne-jeno IV unknown Suspected 900 CE 1300 CE
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207 Segou Kingdom absent Confident 1650 CE 1712 CE
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208 Neguanje absent Confident 250 CE 1050 CE
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209 Tairona absent Confident 1050 CE 1524 CE
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210 Early Xiongnu absent Inferred 1400 BCE 300 BCE
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211 Xianbei Confederation unknown Suspected 100 CE 250 CE
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212 Second Turk Khaganate unknown Suspected 682 CE 744 CE
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213 Late Mongols absent Inferred 1368 CE 1690 CE
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214 Zungharian Empire absent Inferred 1670 CE 1757 CE
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215 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial absent Confident 1734 CE 1883 CE
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216 Orokaiva - Colonial absent Confident 1884 CE 1942 CE
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217 Beaker Culture unknown Suspected 3200 BCE 2000 BCE
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218 Atlantic Complex unknown Suspected 2200 BCE 1000 BCE
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219 Hallstatt A-B1 unknown Suspected 1000 BCE 900 BCE
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220 Hallstatt B2-3 unknown Suspected 900 BCE 700 BCE
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221 Hallstatt C unknown Suspected 700 BCE 600 BCE
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222 Hallstatt D absent Inferred 600 BCE 475 BCE
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223 La Tene A-B1 unknown Suspected 475 BCE 325 BCE
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224 La Tene B2-C1 unknown Suspected 325 BCE 175 BCE
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225 La Tene C2-D unknown Suspected 175 BCE 27 BCE
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226 Proto-Carolingian absent Confident 687 CE 751 CE
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227 Proto-French Kingdom absent Inferred 987 CE 1150 CE
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228 French Kingdom - Late Capetian present Inferred 1150 CE 1328 CE
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229 French Kingdom - Late Valois absent Confident 1450 CE 1589 CE
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230 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon absent Inferred 1589 CE 1660 CE
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231 Sarazm unknown Suspected 3500 BCE 2000 BCE
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232 Andronovo unknown Suspected 1800 BCE 1200 BCE
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233 Koktepe I unknown Suspected 1400 BCE 1000 BCE
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234 Koktepe II unknown Suspected 750 BCE 550 BCE
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235 Tocharians unknown Suspected 129 BCE 29 CE
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236 Sogdiana - City-States Period absent Inferred 604 CE 711 CE
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237 Khanate of Bukhara absent Inferred 1702 CE 1747 CE
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238 Khanate of Bukhara absent Confident 1599 CE 1702 CE
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239 Hmong - Early Chinese absent Confident 1895 CE 1941 CE
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240 Ubaid unknown Suspected 5500 BCE 4201 BCE
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241 Uruk unknown Suspected 4000 BCE 2900 BCE
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242 Early Dynastic unknown Suspected 2900 BCE 2500 BCE
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243 Isin-Larsa absent Confident 2004 BCE 1763 BCE
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244 Second Dynasty of Isin absent Inferred 1153 BCE 1027 BCE
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245 Bazi Dynasty absent Inferred 1005 BCE 986 BCE
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246 Dynasty of E absent Inferred 979 BCE 732 BCE
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247 Parthian Empire II absent Confident 41 CE 226 CE
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248 Abbasid Caliphate II unknown Suspected 1191 CE 1258 CE
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249 Formative Period absent Inferred 7200 BCE 7000 BCE
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250 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar absent Inferred 7000 BCE 6000 BCE
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251 Susiana A absent Inferred 6000 BCE 5700 BCE
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252 Susiana B absent Inferred 5700 BCE 5100 BCE
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253 Susiana - Early Ubaid absent Inferred 5100 BCE 4700 BCE
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254 Susiana - Late Ubaid absent Inferred 4700 BCE 4300 BCE
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255 Susa I absent Inferred 4300 BCE 3800 BCE
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256 Elam - Shimashki Period unknown Suspected 2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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257 Elam - Early Sukkalmah unknown Suspected 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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258 Elam - Crisis Period absent Inferred 1100 BCE 900 BCE
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259 Elam II absent Inferred 743 BCE 647 BCE
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260 Ak Koyunlu absent Inferred 1339 CE 1501 CE
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261 Qajar absent Confident 1794 CE 1925 CE
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262 Badarian absent Inferred 4400 BCE 3800 BCE
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263 Naqada I absent Inferred 3800 BCE 3550 BCE
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264 Naqada II unknown Suspected 3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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265 Egypt - Dynasty 0 unknown Suspected 3300 BCE 3100 BCE
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266 Egypt - Dynasty I absent Inferred 3100 BCE 2900 BCE
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267 Egypt - Dynasty II absent Inferred 2900 BCE 2687 BCE
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268 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom present Inferred 2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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269 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom present Inferred 2350 BCE 2150 BCE
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270 Egypt - Middle Kingdom unknown Suspected 2016 BCE 1700 BCE
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271 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period absent Confident 1720 BCE 1567 BCE
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272 Egypt - Kushite Period unknown Suspected 747 BCE 656 BCE
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273 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas absent Inferred 1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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274 Oaxaca - San Jose absent Inferred 1150 BCE 700 BCE
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275 Oaxaca - Rosario absent Confident 700 BCE 500 BCE
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276 Early Monte Alban I absent Confident 500 BCE 300 BCE
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277 Monte Alban Late I unknown Suspected 300 BCE 100 BCE
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278 Monte Alban II unknown Suspected 100 BCE 200 CE
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279 Monte Alban III unknown Suspected 200 CE 500 CE
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280 Monte Alban IIIB and IV unknown Suspected 500 CE 900 CE
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281 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty unknown Suspected 1637 CE 1805 CE
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282 Republic of Venice III present Inferred 1204 CE 1563 CE
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283 Republic of Venice IV present Inferred 1564 CE 1797 CE
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284 Hohokam Culture unknown Suspected 300 CE 1500 CE
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285 Napoleonic France present Inferred 1816 CE 1870 CE
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286 Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II present Confident 1867 CE 1918 CE
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287 Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II present Confident 1649 CE 1918 CE
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288 Spanish Empire II present Confident 1716 CE 1814 CE
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289 Golden Horde unknown Suspected 1240 CE 1440 CE
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290 Us Reconstruction-Progressive present Confident 1866 CE 1933 CE
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291 Plantagenet England present Confident 1154 CE 1485 CE
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292 British Empire I present Confident 1690 CE 1849 CE
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293 Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I absent Confident 1614 CE 1775 CE
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294 Early Modern Sierra Leone absent Inferred 1650 CE 1896 CE
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295 Kaabu unknown Suspected 1500 CE 1867 CE
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296 Middle and Late Nok absent Inferred 1500 BCE 901 BCE
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297 Middle and Late Nok absent Inferred 900 BCE 0 CE
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298 Great Zimbabwe absent Confident 1270 CE 1550 CE
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299 Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́ present Confident 1601 CE 1835 CE
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300 Oyo unknown Suspected 1300 CE 1535 CE
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301 Sokoto Caliphate absent Inferred Disputed 1804 CE 1904 CE
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302 Sokoto Caliphate present Inferred Disputed 1804 CE 1904 CE
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303 Hausa bakwai present Inferred 900 CE 1808 CE
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304 Benin Empire present Confident 1140 CE 1897 CE
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305 Buganda absent Inferred 1700 CE 1894 CE
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306 Toro absent Inferred 1830 CE 1896 CE
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307 Karagwe absent Inferred 1500 CE 1916 CE
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308 Kingdom of Nyinginya absent Confident 1650 CE 1897 CE
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309 Nkore absent Inferred 1450 CE 1749 CE
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310 Ndorwa absent Inferred 1700 CE 1800 CE
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311 Burundi absent Inferred 1680 CE 1903 CE
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312 Mubari absent Inferred 10000 BCE 2000 CE
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313 Gisaka absent Inferred 1700 CE 1867 CE
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314 Fipa absent Inferred 1600 CE 1890 CE
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315 Bugesera absent Inferred 1700 CE 1799 CE
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316 Nkore absent Confident 1750 CE 1901 CE
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317 Buhaya absent Inferred 10000 BCE 2000 CE
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318 British Empire IIIIIIIIII present Confident 1850 CE 1968 CE
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319 Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty unknown Suspected 919 CE 1125 CE
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