Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Bureaucracy characteristics

Merit Promotion

Talking about bureaucracy characteristics, merit promotion is coded present if there are regular, institutionalized procedures for promotion based on performance. when exceptional individuals are promoted to the top ranks, in the absence of institutionalized procedures, we code it under institution and equity variables  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
merit_promotion The absence or presence of merit promotion for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Merit Promotion   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Egypt - Saite Period
664 BCE 571 BCE
present
Inferred No Edit
2
Egypt - Saite Period
570 BCE 525 BCE
absent
Inferred No Edit
3
Eastern Han Empire
25 CE 150 CE
present
Confident No Edit
4
Eastern Han Empire
151 CE 199 CE
unknown
Confident No Edit
5
Eastern Han Empire
200 CE 220 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
6
Samanid Empire
819 CE 942 CE
present
Confident No Edit
7
Samanid Empire
943 CE 999 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
8
Khanate of Bukhara
1599 CE 1702 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
9
Khanate of Bukhara
1702 CE 1747 CE
absent
Inferred No Edit
10
Spanish Empire II
1716 CE 1814 CE
present
Confident No Edit
11
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
1867 CE 1918 CE
present
Confident No Edit
12
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
absent
Confident No Edit
13
Hawaii I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
14
Yangshao
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
15
Neguanje
-
absent
Confident No Edit
16
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
17
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
18
Hawaii III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
19
Badarian
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
20
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
21
Early A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
22
Rashtrakuta Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
23
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
24
Naqada I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
25
Naqada II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
26
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
27
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
28
Beaker Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
29
Hallstatt A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
30
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
31
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
32
Hallstatt D
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
33
Early Merovingian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
34
La Tene A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
35
La Tene B2-C1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
36
La Tene C2-D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
37
The Emirate of Crete
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
38
Koktepe II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
39
Himyar I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
40
Himyar II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
41
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
42
Durrani Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
43
Kushan Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
44
Early Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
45
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
46
Tairona
-
absent
Confident No Edit
47
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
48
Northern Wei
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
49
Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
50
Late Shang
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
51
Neolithic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
52
Prepalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
53
Hawaii II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
54
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
55
Majapahit Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
56
Canaan
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
57
Yisrael
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
58
Deccan - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
59
Deccan - Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
60
Bazi Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
61
Dynasty of E
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
62
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
63
Satavahana Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
64
Elam - Crisis Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
65
Susiana A
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
66
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
67
Susa I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
68
Early Dynastic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
69
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
70
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
71
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
72
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
73
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Confident No Edit
74
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Confident No Edit
75
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
76
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
77
Isin-Larsa
-
absent
Confident No Edit
78
Achaemenid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
79
Ak Koyunlu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
80
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
81
Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
82
Uruk
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
83
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
84
Middle Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
85
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
86
Japan - Incipient Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
87
Japan - Middle Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
88
Latium - Bronze Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
89
Japan - Final Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
90
Kara-Khanids
-
present
Inferred No Edit
91
Chenla
-
absent
Confident No Edit
92
Funan I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
93
Funan II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
94
Early Angkor
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
95
Early Monte Alban I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
96
Archaic Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
97
Epiclassic Basin of Mexico
-
present
Confident No Edit
98
Qajar
-
absent
Confident No Edit
99
Sasanid Empire I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
100
Sasanid Empire II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
101
Elam - Shimashki Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
102
Elam - Early Sukkalmah
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
103
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
104
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
105
Western Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
106
Andronovo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
107
Phoenician Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
108
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
109
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
110
Jenne-jeno III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
111
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
112
Mali Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
113
Late Mongols
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
114
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
115
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
116
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
117
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
118
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
119
Rouran Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
120
Second Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
121
Later Wagadu Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
122
Xianbei Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
123
Aztec Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
124
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
125
Neo-Hittite Kingdoms
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
126
Ottoman Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
127
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
128
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
129
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
130
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
131
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
132
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
133
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
134
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
135
Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
136
Ayutthaya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
137
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
138
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
139
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
140
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
141
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
142
Burundi
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
143
Bugesera
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
144
Kaabu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
145
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
present
Confident No Edit
146
Rum Sultanate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
147
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
148
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
149
Atlantic Complex
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
150
Byzantine Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
151
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
152
British Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
153
Napoleonic France
-
present
Inferred No Edit
154
Lombard Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
155
Khwarezmid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
156
Hohokam Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
157
Golden Horde
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
158
Saffarid Caliphate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
159
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
present
Confident No Edit
160
Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
161
Plantagenet England
-
present
Confident No Edit
162
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
present
Confident No Edit
163
Cuzco - Early Intermediate I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
164
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
165
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
166
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
167
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
present
Confident No Edit
168
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
169
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
170
Sarazm
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
171
Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
172
Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
173
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
174
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
175
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
176
Lysimachus Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
177
Phrygian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
178
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
179
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
180
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
181
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
182
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
183
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
184
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
185
Chagatai Khanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
186
Hephthalites
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
187
Western Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
188
Timurid Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
189
Sui Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
190
Tang Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
191
Tang Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
192
Early Wei Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
193
Japan - Early Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
194
Japan - Late Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
195
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
196
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
197
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
198
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
199
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
200
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
201
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
202
Carolingian Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
203
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
204
Mughal Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
205
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
206
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
207
Kassite Babylonia
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
208
Late Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
209
Buyid Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
210
Formative Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
211
Ilkhanate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
212
Susiana B
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
213
Susiana - Late Ubaid
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
214
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
215
Elam II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
216
Seljuk Sultanate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
217
Latium - Iron Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
218
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
present
Confident No Edit
219
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
220
Early Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
221
Late Roman Republic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
222
Roman Empire - Principate
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
223
Roman Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
224
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
present
Confident No Edit
225
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
absent
Confident No Edit
226
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
227
Republic of Venice IV
-
present
Inferred No Edit
228
Asuka
-
present
Confident No Edit
229
Heian
-
present
Confident No Edit
230
Japan - Initial Jomon
-
absent
Confident No Edit
231
Kamakura Shogunate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
232
Nara Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
233
Warring States Japan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
234
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
235
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
236
Fatimid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
237
Late Angkor
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
238
Segou Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
239
Khitan I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
240
Uigur Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
241
Great Ming
-
present
Confident No Edit
242
Monte Alban II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
243
Monte Alban III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
244
Epiclassic Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Confident No Edit
245
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
246
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
247
Initial Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
248
Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
249
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
absent
Confident No Edit
250
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
251
Toltecs
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
252
Inca Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
253
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
254
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
255
Umayyad Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
256
Rattanakosin
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
257
Byzantine Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
258
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
259
Ottoman Empire I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
260
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
261
Rasulid Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
262
Great Zimbabwe
-
absent
Confident No Edit
263
Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
-
present
Confident No Edit
264
Benin Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
265
Kingdom of Nyinginya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
266
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
267
Nkore
-
absent
Confident No Edit
268
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
269
Sokoto Caliphate
-
present
Inferred Yes Edit
270
Hausa bakwai
-
present
Inferred No Edit
271
Early Modern Sierra Leone
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
272
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
273
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
274
Spanish Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
275
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
276
Buganda
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
277
Toro
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
278
Karagwe
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
279
Nkore
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
280
Ndorwa
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
281
Mubari
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
282
Gisaka
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
283
Fipa
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
284
Buhaya
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
285
Oyo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
286
Jin
-
present
Confident No Edit
287
Northern Song
-
present
Confident No Edit
288
Western Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
289
Western Zhou
-
present
Inferred No Edit
290
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
291
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
292
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
absent
Confident No Edit
293
Ashanti Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
294
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
295
Parthian Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
296
Parthian Empire II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
297
Safavid Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
298
Republic of Venice III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
299
Classical Angkor
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
300
Khmer Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
301
Zungharian Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
302
Monte Alban Late I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
303
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
304
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
305
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
306
Ottoman Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
307
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
308
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
309
Sokoto Caliphate
-
absent
Inferred Yes Edit
310
Tocharians
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
311
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
312
Proto-French Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
313
French Kingdom - Late Capetian
-
present
Inferred No Edit
314
Carolingian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
315
Proto-Carolingian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
316
Middle Merovingian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
317
Kadamba Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
318
Koktepe I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
319
French Kingdom - Early Valois
-
present
Inferred No Edit