Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Transport infrastructure

Canal

Talking about transport infrastructure, canals refers to canals built and/or maintained by the polity (that is, code 'present' even if the polity did not build a canal, but devotes resources to maintaining it).  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
canal The absence or presence of canal for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Canal   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
1614 CE 1706 CE
absent
Confident No Edit
2
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
1706 CE 1775 CE
present
Confident No Edit
3
Spanish Empire II
1716 CE 1814 CE
present
Confident No Edit
4
Soviet Union
1923 CE 1991 CE
present
Confident No Edit
5
Tocharians
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
6
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
7
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
8
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
9
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
10
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
11
Axum I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
12
Beaker Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
13
Proto-French Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
14
Carolingian Empire II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
15
Hallstatt A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
16
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
17
British Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
18
Napoleonic France
-
present
Confident No Edit
19
Plantagenet England
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
20
La Tene C2-D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
21
French Kingdom - Early Valois
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
22
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
23
British Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
24
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
absent
Confident No Edit
25
Ashanti Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
26
Archaic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
27
Classical Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
28
The Emirate of Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
29
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
30
Hellenistic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
31
Monopalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
32
Neolithic Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
33
New Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
34
The Old Palace Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
35
Postpalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
36
Prepalatial Crete
-
absent
Confident No Edit
37
Hawaii I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
38
Hawaii II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
39
Hawaii III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
40
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
41
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
42
Canaan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
43
Yisrael
-
absent
Confident No Edit
44
Chalukyas of Badami
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
45
Chalukyas of Kalyani
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
46
Deccan - Iron Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
47
Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
48
Northern Song
-
present
Confident No Edit
49
Tang Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
50
Tang Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
51
Early Wei Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
52
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
53
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
54
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
55
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
56
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
57
Naqada II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
58
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
59
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Confident No Edit
60
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
present
Inferred No Edit
61
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
62
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
63
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
64
Atlantic Complex
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
65
French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
66
La Tene B2-C1
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
67
Kediri Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
68
Mataram Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
69
Deccan - Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
70
Saffarid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
71
Early A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
72
Kadamba Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
73
Rashtrakuta Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
74
Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
75
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
76
Formative Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
77
Susiana B
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
78
Susiana - Late Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
79
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
80
Pre-Ceramic Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
81
Susa I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
82
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Confident No Edit
83
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
present
Confident No Edit
84
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
present
Confident No Edit
85
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
present
Confident No Edit
86
Kara-Khanids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
87
Andronovo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
88
Saadi Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
89
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
90
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
91
Jenne-jeno III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
92
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
93
Mali Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
94
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
95
Khitan I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
96
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
97
Vijayanagara Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
98
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
99
Early Dynastic
-
present
Confident No Edit
100
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
101
Neo-Babylonian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
102
Uruk
-
present
Confident No Edit
103
Parthian Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
104
Sasanid Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
105
Seljuk Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
106
Latium - Bronze Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
107
Latium - Iron Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
108
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
109
Early Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
110
Middle Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
111
Roman Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
112
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
113
Kansai - Kofun Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
114
Warring States Japan
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
115
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
116
Funan II
-
present
Confident No Edit
117
Phoenician Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
118
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
119
Rouran Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
120
Second Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
121
Xianbei Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
122
Late Xiongnu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
123
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
124
Zungharian Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
125
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
126
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
127
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
128
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
129
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
130
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
131
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
132
Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
133
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
134
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
135
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
136
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
137
Sarazm
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
138
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
139
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
140
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
141
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
142
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
143
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
144
Neo-Hittite Kingdoms
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
145
Phrygian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
146
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
absent
Confident No Edit
147
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
absent
Confident No Edit
148
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
149
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
150
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
151
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
152
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
153
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
154
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
155
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
156
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
157
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
absent
Confident No Edit
158
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
159
Koktepe I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
160
Himyar I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
161
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
162
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
163
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
164
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
165
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
166
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
167
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
168
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
169
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
170
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
171
Inca Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
172
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
173
Rattanakosin
-
present
Confident No Edit
174
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
175
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
176
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
177
Ottoman Emirate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
178
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident No Edit
179
Oneota
-
absent
Confident No Edit
180
Chagatai Khanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
181
Timurid Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
182
Kushan Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
183
Eastern Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
184
Western Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
185
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
186
Longshan
-
present
Inferred No Edit
187
Great Ming
-
present
Confident No Edit
188
Early Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
189
Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
190
Sui Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
191
Western Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
192
Western Zhou
-
present
Confident No Edit
193
Yangshao
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
194
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
195
Badarian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
196
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
197
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
198
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
199
Naqada I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
200
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
201
Umayyad Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
202
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
203
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
204
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Confident No Edit
205
Egypt - Saite Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
206
Spanish Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
207
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
208
Early Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
209
Proto-Carolingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
210
Middle Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
211
Majapahit Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
212
Yehuda
-
absent
Confident No Edit
213
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
214
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
215
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
216
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
217
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
218
Ilkhanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
219
Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties
-
present
Confident No Edit
220
Parthian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
221
Akkadian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
222
Amorite Babylonia
-
present
Confident No Edit
223
Kassite Babylonia
-
present
Inferred No Edit
224
Bazi Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
225
Dynasty of E
-
present
Inferred No Edit
226
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
227
Isin-Larsa
-
present
Inferred No Edit
228
Ur - Dynasty III
-
present
Confident No Edit
229
Kanem
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
230
Achaemenid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
231
Ak Koyunlu
-
present
Inferred No Edit
232
Elam - Awan Dynasty I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
233
Buyid Confederation
-
present
Confident No Edit
234
Elymais II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
235
Ayutthaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
236
Safavid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
237
Seleucids
-
present
Confident No Edit
238
Elam - Early Sukkalmah
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
239
Susa II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
240
Susa III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
241
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
242
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
243
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
244
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
245
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
present
Inferred No Edit
246
Late Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
247
Roman Empire - Principate
-
present
Confident No Edit
248
Republic of St Peter I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
249
Republic of Venice III
-
present
Confident No Edit
250
Republic of Venice IV
-
present
Confident No Edit
251
Asuka
-
present
Confident No Edit
252
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
253
Byzantine Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
254
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
present
Confident No Edit
255
Heian
-
present
Inferred No Edit
256
Kamakura Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
257
Nara Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
258
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
259
Classical Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
260
Early Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
261
Late Angkor
-
present
Inferred No Edit
262
Khmer Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
263
Chenla
-
present
Confident No Edit
264
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
265
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Confident No Edit
266
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
absent
Confident No Edit
267
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
268
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
269
Funan I
-
present
Confident No Edit
270
Fatimid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
271
Byzantine Empire I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
272
Mongol Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
273
Uigur Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
274
Later Wagadu Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
275
Durrani Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
276
Monte Alban Late I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
277
Monte Alban II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
278
Monte Alban III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
279
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
280
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
281
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
282
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
283
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
284
Ottoman Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
285
Ottoman Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
286
Early Illinois Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
287
Samanid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
288
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
289
Himyar II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
290
Dutch Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
291
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
292
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
293
Oyo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
294
Hohokam Culture
-
present
Confident No Edit
295
Armenian Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
296
Early United Mexican States
-
present
Confident No Edit
297
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
present
Confident No Edit
298
Late Tiwanaku
-
present
Confident No Edit
299
Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase
-
present
Confident No Edit
300
Antebellum US
-
present
Confident No Edit
301
Late Classic Tikal
-
present
Confident No Edit
302
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
absent
Confident No Edit
303
Khwarezmid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
304
Golden Horde
-
present
Confident No Edit
305
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
-
present
Confident No Edit
306
Lombard Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
307
Anglo-Saxon England II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
308
Anglo-Saxon England I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
309
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
310
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
present
Confident No Edit
311
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
312
Early Monte Alban I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
313
Hephthalites
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
314
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
315
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit