Section: Fortifications
Variable: Long Wall (All coded records)
in km. These are fortifications that were used not to protect a specific city or town, but a large territory. Examples include the Great Wall of China. Provide an estimate in km of the extent of the longest of such fortification systems. If not present, enter '0'. Very large circular walls protecting a settlement are not long walls - long walls are fairly linear and protect whole areas from incursions. If a polity inherits a stone wall from a previous one and continues to use and repair it, then we should probably code it as present.  
Long Wall
#  Polity  Coded Value Tags Year(s) Edit Desc
1 Early Qing [6,259 to 6,700] km Confident 1644 CE 1796 CE
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2 Late Qing [6,259 to 6,700] km Confident 1796 CE 1912 CE
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3 Archaic Basin of Mexico absent Confident 6000 BCE 2001 BCE
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4 Initial Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident 2000 BCE 1201 BCE
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5 Middle Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident 800 BCE 401 BCE
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6 Late Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident 400 BCE 101 BCE
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7 Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico absent Confident 100 BCE 99 CE
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8 Classic Basin of Mexico absent Confident 100 CE 649 CE
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9 Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico absent Confident 1200 CE 1426 CE
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10 Aztec Empire absent Confident 1427 CE 1526 CE
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11 Hawaii I absent Confident 1000 CE 1200 CE
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12 Hawaii II absent Confident 1200 CE 1580 CE
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13 Hawaii III absent Confident 1580 CE 1778 CE
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14 Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period absent Confident 1778 CE 1819 CE
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15 Cahokia - Early Woodland absent Confident 600 BCE 150 BCE
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16 Cahokia - Middle Woodland absent Confident 150 BCE 300 CE
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17 Cahokia - Late Woodland I absent Confident 300 CE 450 CE
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18 Cahokia - Late Woodland II absent Confident 450 CE 600 CE
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19 Cahokia - Late Woodland III absent Confident 600 CE 750 CE
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20 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I absent Confident 750 CE 900 CE
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21 Cahokia - Sand Prairie absent Confident 1275 CE 1400 CE
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22 Oneota absent Confident 1400 CE 1650 CE
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23 Early Illinois Confederation absent Confident 1640 CE 1717 CE
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24 Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling absent Confident 1055 CE 1199 CE
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25 Cahokia - Moorehead absent Confident 1200 CE 1274 CE
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26 Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II absent Confident 900 CE 1049 CE
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27 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected 1200 BCE 501 BCE
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28 Bronze Age Cambodia unknown Suspected 500 BCE 224 CE
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29 Funan I 8 km Confident 225 CE 540 CE
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30 Funan II 8 km Confident 540 CE 640 CE
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31 Early Angkor 12 km Confident 802 CE 1100 CE
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32 Classical Angkor 12 km Confident 1100 CE 1220 CE
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33 Late Angkor 12 km Confident 1220 CE 1432 CE
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34 Khmer Kingdom unknown Suspected 1432 CE 1594 CE
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35 Ayutthaya unknown Suspected 1593 CE 1767 CE
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36 Rattanakosin unknown Suspected 1782 CE 1873 CE
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37 Majapahit Kingdom absent Confident 1292 CE 1518 CE
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38 Chuuk - Early Truk absent Confident 1775 CE 1886 CE
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39 Chuuk - Late Truk absent Confident 1886 CE 1948 CE
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40 Neolithic Crete absent Confident 7000 BCE 3000 BCE
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41 Prepalatial Crete absent Confident 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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42 The Old Palace Crete absent Confident 1900 BCE 1700 BCE
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43 New Palace Crete absent Confident 1700 BCE 1450 BCE
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44 Monopalatial Crete absent Confident 1450 BCE 1300 BCE
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45 Postpalatial Crete absent Confident 1300 BCE 1200 BCE
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46 Final Postpalatial Crete absent Confident 1200 BCE 1000 BCE
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47 Geometric Crete absent Confident 1000 BCE 710 BCE
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48 Archaic Crete absent Confident 710 BCE 500 BCE
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49 Classical Crete absent Confident 500 BCE 323 BCE
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50 Hellenistic Crete absent Confident 323 BCE 69 BCE
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51 Roman Empire - Principate 119 km Confident 31 BCE 284 CE
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52 Roman Empire - Dominate absent Confident 285 CE 394 CE
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53 East Roman Empire 56 km Confident 395 CE 631 CE
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54 Byzantine Empire I 56 km Confident 632 CE 866 CE
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55 The Emirate of Crete absent Confident 824 CE 961 CE
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56 Cuzco - Late Formative absent Confident 500 BCE 200 CE
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57 Cuzco - Early Intermediate I absent Confident 200 CE 499 CE
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58 Cuzco - Early Intermediate II absent Confident 500 CE 649 CE
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59 Wari Empire absent Confident 650 CE 999 CE
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60 Cuzco - Late Intermediate I absent Confident 1000 CE 1250 CE
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61 Cuzco - Late Intermediate II absent Confident 1250 CE 1400 CE
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62 Inca Empire absent Confident 1375 CE 1532 CE
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63 Spanish Empire I absent Confident 1516 CE 1715 CE
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64 Magadha - Maurya Empire absent Confident 324 BCE 187 BCE
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65 Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy 0 km Inferred 1300 CE 1565 CE
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66 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early absent Confident 1566 CE 1713 CE
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67 Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late absent Confident 1714 CE 1848 CE
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68 Canaan absent Confident 2000 BCE 1175 BCE
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69 Phoenician Empire absent Confident 1200 BCE 332 BCE
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70 Yisrael absent Confident 1030 BCE 722 BCE
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71 Neo-Assyrian Empire absent Confident 911 BCE 612 BCE
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72 Achaemenid Empire 60 km Confident 550 BCE 331 BCE
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73 Ptolemaic Kingdom I absent Confident 305 BCE 217 BCE
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74 Yehuda absent Confident 141 BCE 63 BCE
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75 Early A'chik absent Confident 1775 CE 1867 CE
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76 Late A'chik absent Confident 1867 CE 1956 CE
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77 Akan - Pre-Ashanti absent Confident 1501 CE 1701 CE
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78 Ashanti Empire absent Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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79 Icelandic Commonwealth absent Confident 930 CE 1262 CE
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80 Kingdom of Norway II absent Confident 1262 CE 1396 CE
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81 Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic absent Confident 7500 BCE 5500 BCE
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82 Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic absent Confident 5500 BCE 4000 BCE
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83 Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic absent Confident 4000 BCE 3200 BCE
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84 Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period absent Confident 3200 BCE 2500 BCE
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85 Kachi Plain - Urban Period I absent Confident 2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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86 Kachi Plain - Urban Period II absent Confident 2100 BCE 1800 CE
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87 Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period absent Confident 1800 BCE 1300 BCE
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88 Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period absent Confident 1300 BCE 500 BCE
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89 Indo-Greek Kingdom absent Confident 180 BCE 10 BCE
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90 Kushan Empire 60 km Confident 35 CE 319 CE
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91 Sasanid Empire I 195 km Confident 205 CE 487 CE
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92 Sasanid Empire II 195 km Confident 488 CE 642 CE
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93 Ghur Principality absent Confident 1025 CE 1215 CE
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94 Delhi Sultanate absent Confident 1206 CE 1526 CE
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95 Sind - Samma Dynasty absent Confident 1335 CE 1521 CE
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96 Durrani Empire absent Confident 1747 CE 1826 CE
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97 Japan - Incipient Jomon absent Confident 13600 BCE 9200 BCE
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98 Japan - Initial Jomon absent Confident 9200 BCE 5300 BCE
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99 Japan - Early Jomon absent Confident 5300 BCE 3500 BCE
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100 Japan - Middle Jomon absent Confident 3500 BCE 2500 BCE
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101 Japan - Late Jomon absent Confident 2500 BCE 1200 BCE
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102 Japan - Final Jomon absent Confident 1200 BCE 300 BCE
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103 Kansai - Yayoi Period absent Confident 300 BCE 250 CE
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104 Kansai - Kofun Period absent Confident 250 CE 537 CE
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105 Asuka absent Confident 538 CE 710 CE
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106 Heian unknown Suspected 794 CE 1185 CE
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107 Kamakura Shogunate 20 km Confident 1185 CE 1333 CE
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108 Ashikaga Shogunate unknown Suspected 1336 CE 1467 CE
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109 Warring States Japan unknown Suspected 1467 CE 1568 CE
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110 Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama unknown Suspected 1568 CE 1603 CE
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111 Tokugawa Shogunate unknown Suspected 1603 CE 1868 CE
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112 Iban - Pre-Brooke absent Confident 1650 CE 1841 CE
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113 Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial absent Confident 1841 CE 1987 CE
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114 Konya Plain - Early Neolithic unknown Suspected 9600 BCE 7000 BCE
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115 Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic unknown Suspected 7000 BCE 6600 BCE
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116 Konya Plain - Late Neolithic unknown Suspected 6600 BCE 6000 BCE
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117 Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic unknown Suspected 6000 BCE 5500 BCE
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118 Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic unknown Suspected 5500 BCE 3000 BCE
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119 Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age unknown Suspected 3000 BCE 2000 BCE
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120 Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia unknown Suspected 2000 BCE 1700 BCE
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121 Hatti - Old Kingdom unknown Suspected 1650 BCE 1500 BCE
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122 Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II unknown Suspected 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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123 Hatti - New Kingdom unknown Suspected 1400 BCE 1180 BCE
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124 Neo-Hittite Kingdoms unknown Suspected 1180 BCE 900 BCE
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125 Phrygian Kingdom 7 km Confident 900 BCE 695 BCE
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126 Tabal Kingdoms unknown Suspected 900 BCE 730 BCE
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127 Kingdom of Lydia unknown Suspected 670 BCE 546 BCE
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128 Rum Sultanate absent Confident 1077 CE 1307 CE
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129 Latium - Copper Age absent Confident 3600 BCE 1800 BCE
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130 Latium - Bronze Age absent Confident 1800 BCE 900 BCE
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131 Latium - Iron Age absent Confident 1000 BCE 580 BCE
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132 Roman Kingdom absent Confident 716 BCE 509 BCE
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133 Early Roman Republic absent Confident 509 BCE 264 BCE
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134 Middle Roman Republic absent Confident 264 BCE 133 BCE
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135 Ostrogothic Kingdom 85 km Confident 489 CE 554 CE
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136 Rome - Republic of St Peter II 50 km Confident Uncertain 904 CE 1198 CE
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137 Rome - Republic of St Peter II 85 km Confident Uncertain 904 CE 1198 CE
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138 Papal States - High Medieval Period 50 km Confident Uncertain 1198 CE 1309 CE
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139 Papal States - High Medieval Period 85 km Confident Uncertain 1198 CE 1309 CE
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140 Sakha - Early absent Confident 1400 CE 1632 CE
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141 Sakha - Late absent Confident 1632 CE 1900 CE
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142 Shuar - Colonial absent Confident 1534 CE 1830 CE
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143 Shuar - Ecuadorian absent Confident 1831 CE 1931 CE
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144 Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period absent Confident 1069 BCE 747 BCE
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145 Egypt - Saite Period absent Confident 664 BCE 525 BCE
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146 Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period absent Confident 404 BCE 342 BCE
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147 Ptolemaic Kingdom II absent Confident 217 BCE 30 BCE
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148 Middle Wagadu Empire unknown Suspected 700 CE 1077 CE
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149 Late Shang absent Confident 1250 BCE 1045 BCE
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150 Western Zhou absent Confident 1122 BCE 771 BCE
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151 Jin absent Confident 780 BCE 404 BCE
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152 Western Han Empire 7,200 km Confident Uncertain 202 BCE 9 CE
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153 Eastern Han Empire 7,200 km Confident Uncertain 25 CE 220 CE
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154 Northern Wei 681 km Confident 446 CE
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155 Northern Wei 1,073 km Confident 423 CE
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156 Sui Dynasty 2,414 km Confident 581 CE 618 CE
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157 Tang Dynasty I 48 km Confident 617 CE 763 CE
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158 Nara Kingdom unknown Suspected 710 CE 794 CE
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159 Tang Dynasty II 48 km Confident 763 CE 907 CE
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160 Jin Dynasty [1,700 to 5,000] km Confident 1115 CE 1234 CE
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161 Mongol Empire unknown Suspected 1206 CE 1368 CE
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162 Great Yuan unknown Suspected 1271 CE 1368 CE
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163 Great Ming [6,259 to 6,700] km Confident 1368 CE 1644 CE
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164 Xiongnu Imperial Confederation unknown Suspected 209 BCE 60 BCE
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165 Late Xiongnu unknown Suspected 60 BCE 100 CE
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166 Rouran Khaganate unknown Suspected 300 CE 555 CE
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167 Western Turk Khaganate absent Confident 582 CE 630 CE
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168 Eastern Turk Khaganate unknown Suspected 583 CE 630 CE
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169 Uigur Khaganate unknown Suspected 745 CE 840 CE
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170 Khitan I unknown Suspected 907 CE 1125 CE
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171 Chagatai Khanate unknown Suspected 1263 CE 1402 CE
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172 Early Merovingian unknown Suspected 481 CE 543 CE
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173 Middle Merovingian unknown Suspected 543 CE 687 CE
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174 Carolingian Empire I absent Confident 752 CE 840 CE
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175 Carolingian Empire II absent Confident 840 CE 987 CE
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176 French Kingdom - Early Valois absent Confident 1328 CE 1450 CE
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177 Neo-Babylonian Empire 43 km Confident 626 BCE 539 BCE
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178 Himyar I absent Confident 270 CE 340 CE
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179 Yemen Ziyad Dynasty unknown Suspected 822 CE 1037 CE
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180 Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period absent Confident 868 CE 969 CE
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181 Yemen - Era of Warlords unknown Suspected 1038 CE 1174 CE
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182 Rasulid Dynasty unknown Suspected 1229 CE 1453 CE
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183 Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty unknown Suspected 1454 CE 1517 CE
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184 Mahajanapada era absent Confident 600 BCE 324 BCE
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185 Neolithic Middle Ganga unknown Suspected 7000 BCE 3001 BCE
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186 Yangshao absent Confident 5000 BCE 3000 BCE
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187 Longshan absent Confident 3000 BCE 1900 BCE
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188 Erlitou absent Confident 1850 BCE 1600 BCE
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189 Erligang absent Confident 1650 BCE 1250 BCE
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190 Early Wei Dynasty absent Confident 445 BCE 225 BCE
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191 Northern Song absent Confident 960 CE 1127 CE
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192 Jenne-jeno I 0 km Inferred 250 BCE 49 CE
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193 Jenne-jeno III unknown Suspected 400 CE 899 CE
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194 Jenne-jeno IV unknown Suspected 900 CE 1300 CE
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195 Neguanje absent Confident 250 CE 1050 CE
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196 Tairona absent Confident 1050 CE 1524 CE
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197 Early Xiongnu unknown Suspected 1400 BCE 300 BCE
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198 Xianbei Confederation unknown Suspected 100 CE 250 CE
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199 Shiwei absent Confident 600 CE 1000 CE
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200 Second Turk Khaganate absent Confident 682 CE 744 CE
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201 Late Mongols unknown Suspected 1368 CE 1690 CE
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202 Zungharian Empire unknown Suspected 1670 CE 1757 CE
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203 Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial absent Confident 1734 CE 1883 CE
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204 Orokaiva - Colonial absent Confident 1884 CE 1942 CE
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205 Beaker Culture absent Confident 3200 BCE 2000 BCE
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206 Atlantic Complex absent Confident 2200 BCE 1000 BCE
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207 Hallstatt A-B1 absent Confident 1000 BCE 900 BCE
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208 Hallstatt B2-3 absent Confident 900 BCE 700 BCE
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209 Hallstatt C absent Confident 700 BCE 600 BCE
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210 Hallstatt D absent Confident 600 BCE 475 BCE
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211 La Tene A-B1 absent Confident 475 BCE 325 BCE
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212 La Tene B2-C1 absent Confident 325 BCE 175 BCE
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213 La Tene C2-D absent Confident 175 BCE 27 BCE
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214 Proto-Carolingian unknown Suspected 687 CE 751 CE
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215 Proto-French Kingdom absent Confident 987 CE 1150 CE
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216 French Kingdom - Late Capetian absent Confident 1150 CE 1328 CE
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217 French Kingdom - Late Valois absent Confident 1450 CE 1589 CE
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218 French Kingdom - Early Bourbon absent Confident 1589 CE 1660 CE
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219 French Kingdom - Late Bourbon absent Confident 1660 CE 1815 CE
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220 Sarazm unknown Suspected 3500 BCE 2000 BCE
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221 Andronovo absent Confident 1800 BCE 1200 BCE
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222 Hmong - Late Qing absent Confident 1701 CE 1895 CE
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223 Hmong - Early Chinese unknown Suspected 1895 CE 1941 CE
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224 Southern Mesopotamia Neolithic absent Confident 9000 BCE 5501 BCE
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225 Ubaid absent Confident 5500 BCE 4201 BCE
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226 Akkadian Empire unknown Suspected 2270 BCE 2083 BCE
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227 Ur - Dynasty III [190 to 300] km Confident 2112 BCE 2004 BCE
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228 Pre-Ceramic Period absent Confident 7800 BCE 7200 BCE
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229 Formative Period absent Confident 7200 BCE 7000 BCE
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230 Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar absent Confident 7000 BCE 6000 BCE
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231 Susiana A unknown Suspected 6000 BCE 5700 BCE
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232 Susiana B unknown Suspected 5700 BCE 5100 BCE
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233 Susiana - Early Ubaid unknown Suspected 5100 BCE 4700 BCE
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234 Susiana - Late Ubaid unknown Suspected 4700 BCE 4300 BCE
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235 Susa I unknown Suspected 4300 BCE 3800 BCE
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236 Susa II unknown Suspected 3800 BCE 3100 BCE
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237 Susa III unknown Suspected 3100 BCE 2675 BCE
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238 Elam - Awan Dynasty I unknown Suspected 2675 BCE 2100 BCE
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239 Elam - Shimashki Period absent Confident 2028 BCE 1940 BCE
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240 Elam - Early Sukkalmah absent Confident 1900 BCE 1701 BCE
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241 Elam - Late Sukkalmah absent Confident 1700 BCE 1500 BCE
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242 Elam - Kidinuid Period absent Confident 1500 BCE 1400 BCE
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243 Elam - Igihalkid Period absent Confident 1399 BCE 1200 BCE
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244 Elam - Shutrukid Period absent Confident 1199 BCE 1100 BCE
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245 Elam - Crisis Period absent Confident 1100 BCE 900 BCE
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246 Elam I absent Confident 900 BCE 744 BCE
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247 Elam II absent Confident 743 BCE 647 BCE
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248 Elam III absent Confident 612 BCE 539 BCE
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249 Badarian absent Confident 4400 BCE 3800 BCE
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250 Naqada I absent Confident 3800 BCE 3550 BCE
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251 Naqada II unknown Suspected 3550 BCE 3300 BCE
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252 Egypt - Dynasty 0 absent Confident 3300 BCE 3100 BCE
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253 Egypt - Dynasty I absent Confident 3100 BCE 2900 BCE
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254 Egypt - Dynasty II absent Confident 2900 BCE 2687 BCE
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255 Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom absent Confident 2650 BCE 2350 BCE
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256 Egypt - Late Old Kingdom absent Confident 2350 BCE 2150 BCE
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257 Egypt - Period of the Regions absent Confident 2150 BCE 2016 BCE
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258 Egypt - Middle Kingdom absent Confident 2016 BCE 1700 BCE
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259 Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period absent Confident 1720 BCE 1567 BCE
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260 Egypt - Kushite Period absent Confident 747 BCE 656 BCE
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261 Oaxaca - Tierras Largas unknown Suspected 1400 BCE 1150 BCE
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262 Oaxaca - San Jose unknown Suspected 1150 BCE 700 BCE
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263 Oaxaca - Rosario unknown Suspected 700 BCE 500 BCE
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264 Early Monte Alban I unknown Suspected 500 BCE 300 BCE
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265 Monte Alban Late I unknown Suspected 300 BCE 100 BCE
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266 Monte Alban II unknown Suspected 100 BCE 200 CE
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267 Monte Alban III unknown Suspected 200 CE 500 CE
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268 Monte Alban IIIB and IV unknown Suspected 500 CE 900 CE
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269 Neolithic Yemen unknown Suspected 3500 BCE 1201 BCE
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270 Yemen - Late Bronze Age absent Confident 1200 BCE 801 BCE
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271 Sabaean Commonwealth absent Confident 800 BCE 451 BCE
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272 Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty absent Confident 1637 CE 1805 CE
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273 Peiligang 0 km Inferred 7000 BCE 5001 BCE
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