Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Transport infrastructure

Bridge

Talking about transport infrastructure, bridges refers to bridges built and/or maintained by the polity (that is, code 'present' even if the polity did not build a bridge, but devotes resources to maintaining it).  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
bridge The absence or presence of bridge for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Bridge   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Neguanje
800 CE 1050 CE
present
Inferred No Edit
2
Spanish Empire II
1716 CE 1814 CE
present
Confident No Edit
3
Soviet Union
1923 CE 1991 CE
present
Confident No Edit
4
Kushan Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
5
Western Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
6
Hmong - Late Qing
-
present
Inferred No Edit
7
Tang Dynasty I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
8
Tang Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
9
Great Yuan
-
present
Confident No Edit
10
Badarian
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
11
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
12
Naqada I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
13
Naqada II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
14
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
15
Rasulid Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
16
Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
17
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
18
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
19
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
20
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
21
Beaker Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
22
French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
23
Carolingian Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
24
Durrani Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
25
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
26
Golden Horde
-
present
Confident No Edit
27
Napoleonic France
-
present
Confident No Edit
28
Hallstatt A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
29
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
30
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
31
La Tene A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
32
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
absent
Confident No Edit
33
Ashanti Empire
-
absent
Confident No Edit
34
Archaic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
35
Classical Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
36
The Emirate of Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
37
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
38
Geometric Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
39
Hellenistic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
40
Monopalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
41
New Palace Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
42
The Old Palace Crete
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
43
Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
44
Prepalatial Crete
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
45
Hawaii I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
46
Hawaii II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
47
Hawaii III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
48
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
49
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
50
Majapahit Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
51
Tocharians
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
52
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
present
Confident No Edit
53
Jin Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
54
Great Ming
-
present
Confident No Edit
55
Northern Wei
-
present
Confident No Edit
56
Sui Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
57
Western Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
58
Yangshao
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
59
Shuar - Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
60
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
present
Confident No Edit
61
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
62
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
63
Egypt - Saite Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
64
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
65
Atlantic Complex
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
66
French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
-
present
Confident No Edit
67
Proto-French Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
68
French Kingdom - Late Capetian
-
present
Confident No Edit
69
La Tene B2-C1
-
present
Confident No Edit
70
La Tene C2-D
-
present
Confident No Edit
71
British Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
72
Mataram Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
73
Deccan - Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
74
Hoysala Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
75
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
76
Neo-Assyrian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
77
Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
78
Ur - Dynasty III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
79
Uruk
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
80
Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
81
Formative Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
82
Susiana B
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
83
Susiana - Late Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
84
Susiana - Early Ubaid
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
85
Elam - Kidinuid Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
86
Pre-Ceramic Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
87
Seleucids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
88
Susa I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
89
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
present
Confident No Edit
90
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
present
Confident No Edit
91
Exarchate of Ravenna
-
present
Confident No Edit
92
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
present
Confident No Edit
93
Andronovo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
94
Saadi Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
95
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
96
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
97
Jenne-jeno III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
98
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
99
Mali Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
100
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
101
Yisrael
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
102
Kampili Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
103
Magadha - Maurya Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
104
Vijayanagara Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
105
Isin-Larsa
-
present
Inferred No Edit
106
Ilkhanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
107
Elam III
-
present
Inferred No Edit
108
Safavid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
109
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Confident No Edit
110
Latium - Bronze Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
111
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
112
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
present
Confident No Edit
113
Early Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
114
Roman Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
115
Republic of St Peter I
-
present
Confident No Edit
116
Asuka
-
present
Confident No Edit
117
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
present
Confident No Edit
118
Nara Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
119
Western Turk Khaganate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
120
Funan I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
121
Phoenician Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
122
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
123
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
absent
Confident No Edit
124
Oneota
-
absent
Confident No Edit
125
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
126
Chagatai Khanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
127
Second Turk Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
128
Uigur Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
129
Xianbei Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
130
Late Xiongnu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
131
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
132
Zungharian Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
133
Later Wagadu Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
134
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
135
Timurid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
136
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
137
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
138
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
139
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
140
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
141
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
142
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
143
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
144
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
145
Sarazm
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
146
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
147
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
148
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
149
Lysimachus Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
150
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
151
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
152
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
153
Koktepe I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
154
Himyar I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
155
Himyar II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
156
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
157
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
158
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
159
Oaxaca - Rosario
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
160
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
161
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
162
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
163
Ayutthaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
164
Fatimid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
165
Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia
-
present
Confident No Edit
166
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
167
Neo-Hittite Kingdoms
-
present
Inferred No Edit
168
Ottoman Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
169
Ottoman Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
170
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident No Edit
171
Rum Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
172
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
absent
Confident No Edit
173
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
174
Cahokia - Early Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
175
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
176
Cahokia - Middle Woodland
-
absent
Confident No Edit
177
Cahokia - Late Woodland III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
178
Ghur Principality
-
present
Confident No Edit
179
Kidarite Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
180
Eastern Han Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
181
Jin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
182
Northern Song
-
present
Confident No Edit
183
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
184
Early Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
185
Late Qing
-
present
Confident No Edit
186
Late Shang
-
present
Inferred No Edit
187
Western Zhou
-
present
Inferred No Edit
188
Tairona
-
present
Confident No Edit
189
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
190
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
191
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
192
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
193
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
present
Confident No Edit
194
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
present
Confident No Edit
195
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
196
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
197
Dambadaneiya
-
present
Confident No Edit
198
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
199
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
present
Inferred No Edit
200
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
201
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
202
Spanish Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
203
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
present
Confident No Edit
204
Ashikaga Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
205
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
present
Confident No Edit
206
Carolingian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
207
Early Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
208
Proto-Carolingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
209
Middle Merovingian
-
present
Confident No Edit
210
French Kingdom - Early Valois
-
present
Confident No Edit
211
French Kingdom - Late Valois
-
present
Inferred No Edit
212
Medang Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
213
Canaan
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
214
Yehuda
-
present
Confident No Edit
215
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
216
Elam - Awan Dynasty I
-
present
Inferred No Edit
217
Late Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
218
Early A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
219
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
220
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
221
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
present
Confident No Edit
222
Kassite Babylonia
-
present
Inferred No Edit
223
Bazi Dynasty
-
present
Inferred No Edit
224
Dynasty of E
-
present
Inferred No Edit
225
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
226
Neo-Babylonian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
227
Achaemenid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
228
Ak Koyunlu
-
present
Confident No Edit
229
Ostrogothic Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
230
Buyid Confederation
-
present
Confident No Edit
231
Elymais II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
232
Elam - Igihalkid Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
233
Elam - Shutrukid Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
234
Elam II
-
present
Confident No Edit
235
Parthian Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
236
Parthian Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
237
Qajar
-
present
Inferred No Edit
238
Sasanid Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
239
Sasanid Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
240
Seljuk Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
241
Elam - Early Sukkalmah
-
present
Confident No Edit
242
Elam - Late Sukkalmah
-
present
Confident No Edit
243
Latium - Iron Age
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
244
Middle Roman Republic
-
present
Confident No Edit
245
Roman Empire - Principate
-
present
Confident No Edit
246
Republic of Venice III
-
present
Confident No Edit
247
Republic of Venice IV
-
present
Confident No Edit
248
Heian
-
present
Inferred No Edit
249
Kamakura Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
250
Warring States Japan
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
251
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
present
Confident No Edit
252
Kara-Khanids
-
present
Confident No Edit
253
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
254
Early Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
255
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
256
Classical Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
257
Early Angkor
-
present
Confident No Edit
258
Late Angkor
-
present
Inferred No Edit
259
Khmer Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
260
Funan II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
261
Khitan I
-
present
Confident No Edit
262
Mongol Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
263
Rouran Khaganate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
264
Early Monte Alban I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
265
Monte Alban Late I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
266
Monte Alban II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
267
Monte Alban III
-
absent
Confident No Edit
268
Cahokia - Late Woodland II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
269
Cahokia - Late Woodland I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
270
Middle Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
271
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
272
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
273
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
274
Inca Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
275
Wari Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
276
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
277
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
278
Khanate of Bukhara
-
present
Confident No Edit
279
Samanid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
280
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
281
Khwarezmid Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
282
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
283
Umayyad Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
284
Rattanakosin
-
present
Inferred No Edit
285
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
present
Confident No Edit
286
Byzantine Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
287
Byzantine Empire II
-
present
Confident No Edit
288
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
289
Late Cappadocia
-
present
Confident No Edit
290
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
291
Ottoman Emirate
-
present
Confident No Edit
292
Ottoman Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
293
Phrygian Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
294
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
absent
Confident No Edit
295
Early Illinois Confederation
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
296
Oyo
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
297
Alaouite Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
298
Saffarid Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
299
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
300
Dutch Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
301
Tunni Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
302
Early Sultanate of Aussa
-
present
Confident No Edit
303
Foys
-
present
Confident No Edit
304
Benin Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
305
Buganda
-
present
Confident No Edit
306
Adal Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
307
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
308
Middle and Late Nok
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
309
Kanem
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
310
British Empire I
-
present
Confident No Edit
311
Early United Mexican States
-
present
Confident No Edit
312
Plantagenet England
-
present
Confident No Edit
313
Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
314
Lombard Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
315
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
present
Confident No Edit
316
Antebellum US
-
present
Confident No Edit
317
Tudor and Early Stuart England
-
present
Confident No Edit
318
Anglo-Saxon England II
-
present
Confident No Edit
319
Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
320
Anglo-Saxon England I
-
present
Confident No Edit
321
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
-
present
Confident No Edit
322
Hohokam Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
323
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
present
Confident No Edit
324
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
325
Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II
-
present
Confident No Edit
326
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
327
Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
328
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
329
Hephthalites
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit