Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Forms of money

Token

Talking about forms of money, tokens, unlike articles, are used only for exchange, and unlike coins, are not manufactured (example: cowries)  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
token The absence or presence of token for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Token   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Allada
1100 CE 1599 CE
A~P
Inferred No Edit
2
Mahajanapada era
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
3
Plantagenet England
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
4
Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
5
Lombard Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
6
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
7
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
8
Napoleonic France
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
9
Antebellum US
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
10
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
11
British Empire I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
12
West Burkina Faso Red IV
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
13
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
14
Deccan - Neolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
15
Torwa-Rozvi
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
16
Yangshao
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
17
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
18
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
19
Late Roman Republic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
20
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
21
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
22
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
23
West Burkina Faso Red II and III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
24
Wari Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
25
Republic of St Peter I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
26
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
27
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
28
Kaabu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
29
Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
30
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
31
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
32
Great Ming
-
absent
Confident No Edit
33
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
34
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
35
East Roman Empire
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
36
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
37
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
38
Hmong - Late Qing
-
absent
Confident No Edit
39
Late Qing
-
absent
Confident No Edit
40
Early Qing
-
absent
Confident No Edit
41
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
42
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
43
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
absent
Confident No Edit
44
Nkore
-
absent
Confident No Edit
45
Sape
-
absent
Confident No Edit
46
Pre-Sape Sierra Leone
-
absent
Confident No Edit
47
Mane
-
absent
Confident No Edit
48
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
49
Byzantine Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
50
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Confident No Edit
51
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Confident No Edit
52
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
53
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
54
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
55
Middle Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
56
Second Turk Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
57
Rouran Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
58
Funan II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
59
Funan I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
60
Khmer Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
61
Chenla
-
absent
Confident No Edit
62
Late Angkor
-
absent
Confident No Edit
63
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
64
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
65
Shiwei
-
absent
Confident No Edit
66
Xianbei Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
67
Late Xiongnu
-
absent
Confident No Edit
68
Early Angkor
-
absent
Confident No Edit
69
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
70
Canaan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
71
Classical Angkor
-
absent
Confident No Edit
72
Roman Empire - Principate
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
73
Early Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
74
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
75
Bugesera
-
absent
Confident No Edit
76
Gisaka
-
absent
Confident No Edit
77
Mubari
-
absent
Confident No Edit
78
Burundi
-
absent
Confident No Edit
79
Hallstatt A-B1
-
absent
Confident No Edit
80
Ndorwa
-
absent
Confident No Edit
81
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
82
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
83
Kingdom of Nyinginya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
84
Toro
-
absent
Confident No Edit
85
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
86
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
87
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
88
Adal Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
89
Prepalatial Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
90
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
91
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
present
Inferred No Edit
92
Ajuran Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
93
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
94
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
95
Shoa Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
96
Kingdom of Cayor
-
present
Inferred No Edit
97
Inca Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
98
Kingdom of Saloum
-
present
Inferred No Edit
99
New Palace Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
100
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
present
Inferred No Edit
101
Karagwe
-
present
Inferred No Edit
102
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
present
Inferred No Edit
103
Kingdom of Baol
-
present
Inferred No Edit
104
Kingdom of Sine
-
present
Inferred No Edit
105
Kingdom of Waalo
-
present
Inferred No Edit
106
Hoysala Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
107
Longshan
-
present
Inferred No Edit
108
Ifat Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
109
Denyanke Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
110
Jolof Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
111
Kingdom of Jolof
-
present
Inferred No Edit
112
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
present
Inferred No Edit
113
Monopalatial Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
114
The Old Palace Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
115
Imamate of Futa Toro
-
present
Inferred No Edit
116
Erligang
-
present
Inferred No Edit
117
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
118
Beaker Culture
-
present
Inferred No Edit
119
Atlantic Complex
-
present
Inferred No Edit
120
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
121
Buhaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
122
The Emirate of Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
123
Jin
-
present
Confident No Edit
124
Northern Wei
-
present
Confident No Edit
125
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Confident No Edit
126
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Confident No Edit
127
Western Zhou
-
present
Confident No Edit
128
Naqada II
-
present
Confident No Edit
129
Hallstatt A-B1
-
present
Confident No Edit
130
Classical Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
131
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
132
Ubaid
-
present
Confident No Edit
133
Uruk
-
present
Confident No Edit
134
Bamana kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
135
Segou Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
136
Late Mongols
-
present
Confident No Edit
137
Zungharian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
138
Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
139
Sind - Samma Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
140
Durrani Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
141
Erlitou
-
present
Confident No Edit
142
Late Shang
-
present
Confident No Edit
143
Early Wei Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
144
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
145
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
146
Tairona
-
present
Confident No Edit
147
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
148
Naqada I
-
present
Confident No Edit
149
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
present
Confident No Edit
150
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
151
Archaic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
152
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
153
Gupta Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
154
Ashanti Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
155
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
156
Geometric Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
157
Hellenistic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
158
Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
159
Kassite Babylonia
-
present
Confident No Edit
160
Bazi Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
161
Dynasty of E
-
present
Confident No Edit
162
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
present
Confident No Edit
163
Isin-Larsa
-
present
Confident No Edit
164
Neo-Babylonian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
165
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
present
Confident No Edit
166
Early Roman Republic
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
167
Roman Empire - Principate
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
168
Western Turk Khaganate
-
present
Confident No Edit
169
Indo-Greek Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
170
Mali Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
171
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
172
Khitan I
-
present
Confident No Edit
173
Uigur Khaganate
-
present
Confident No Edit
174
Rattanakosin
-
present
Confident No Edit
175
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
176
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
177
Ayutthaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
178
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
179
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
present
Confident No Edit
180
Hausa bakwai
-
present
Confident No Edit
181
Kanem-Borno
-
present
Confident No Edit
182
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
present
Confident No Edit
183
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
184
Early Modern Sierra Leone
-
present
Confident No Edit
185
Freetown
-
present
Confident No Edit
186
Toutswe
-
present
Confident No Edit
187
Great Zimbabwe
-
present
Confident No Edit
188
Dutch Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
189
Classical Ife
-
present
Confident No Edit
190
Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
-
present
Confident No Edit
191
Foys
-
present
Confident No Edit
192
Whydah
-
present
Confident No Edit
193
Sokoto Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
194
Igala
-
present
Confident No Edit
195
Buganda
-
present
Confident No Edit
196
Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
-
present
Confident No Edit
197
Benin Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
198
Wukari Federation
-
present
Confident No Edit
199
Buganda
-
present
Confident No Edit
200
Mossi
1751 CE 1897 CE
present
Confident No Edit
201
Allada
1600 CE 1724 CE
present
Confident No Edit
202
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
203
Monte Alban Late I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
204
Monte Alban II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
205
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
206
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
207
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
208
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
209
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
210
Cuzco - Early Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
211
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
212
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
213
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
214
Buyid Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
215
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
216
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
217
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
218
Ak Koyunlu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
219
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
220
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
221
Asuka
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
222
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
223
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
224
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
225
Later Wagadu Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
226
Early Monte Alban I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
227
Achaemenid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
228
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
229
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
230
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
231
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
232
Early A'chik
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
233
Yisrael
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
234
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
235
Yehuda
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
236
La Tene A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
237
Middle Merovingian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
238
Saadi Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
239
Kara-Khanids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
240
Hohokam Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
241
Kushan Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
242
Mossi
1100 CE 1750 CE
unknown
Suspected No Edit
243
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
244
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
245
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
246
Seljuk Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
247
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
248
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
249
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
250
Axum I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
251
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
252
Hawaii III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
253
Hawaii II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
254
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
255
Timurid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
256
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
257
Safavid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
258
Samanid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
259
Parthian Empire II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
260
Parthian Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
261
Ilkhanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
262
Seleucids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
263
Oneota
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
264
Early Illinois Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
265
Khwarezmid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
266
Sasanid Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
267
Hawaii I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
268
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
269
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
270
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
271
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
272
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
273
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
274
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
275
Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
276
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
277
Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
278
Egypt - Saite Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
279
Fatimid Caliphate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
280
Monte Alban III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
281
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
282
Jenne-jeno III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
283
Golden Horde
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
284
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
285
Saffarid Caliphate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
286
Byzantine Empire II
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
287
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
288
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
289
Ottoman Emirate
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
290
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
291
Nara Kingdom
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
292
Phoenician Empire
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
293
Kansai - Kofun Period
-
unknown
Confident No Edit