Section: Social Complexity
Subsection: Forms of money

Token

Talking about forms of money, tokens, unlike articles, are used only for exchange, and unlike coins, are not manufactured (example: cowries)  
Contributors: Jenny, Majid, Peter

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition
token The absence or presence of token for a polity.

# Polity   Year(s)   Token   Confidence     Disputed?     Expert?   Edit
1
Allada
1100 CE 1599 CE
A~P
Inferred No Edit
2
Mossi
1100 CE 1750 CE
unknown
Suspected No Edit
3
Allada
1600 CE 1724 CE
present
Confident No Edit
4
Mossi
1751 CE 1897 CE
present
Confident No Edit
5
Ilkhanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
6
Parthian Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
7
Parthian Empire II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
8
Safavid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
9
Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
10
Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
11
Axum I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
12
Hallstatt B2-3
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
13
Hallstatt C
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
14
Hallstatt D
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
15
Middle Merovingian
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
16
La Tene A-B1
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
17
The Emirate of Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
18
Iban - Pre-Brooke
-
absent
Confident No Edit
19
Canaan
-
absent
Confident No Edit
20
Yehuda
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
21
Yisrael
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
22
Deccan - Neolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
23
Early A'chik
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
24
Abbasid Caliphate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
25
Abbasid Caliphate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
26
Achaemenid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
27
Ak Koyunlu
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
28
Buyid Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
29
Jin
-
present
Confident No Edit
30
Northern Wei
-
present
Confident No Edit
31
Early Qing
-
absent
Confident No Edit
32
Egypt - Middle Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
33
Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
34
Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
35
Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
36
Ptolemaic Kingdom I
-
present
Confident No Edit
37
Ptolemaic Kingdom II
-
present
Confident No Edit
38
Egypt - Period of the Regions
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
39
Egypt - Saite Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
40
Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
41
Shuar - Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
42
Egypt - Dynasty II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
43
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
44
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
45
Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
46
Western Zhou
-
present
Confident No Edit
47
Ayyubid Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
48
Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
49
Naqada II
-
present
Confident No Edit
50
Hallstatt A-B1
-
present
Confident No Edit
51
Hallstatt A-B1
-
absent
Confident No Edit
52
Classical Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
53
New Palace Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
54
Hawaii I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
55
Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
-
absent
Confident No Edit
56
Late A'chik
-
absent
Confident No Edit
57
Mughal Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
58
Ubaid
-
present
Confident No Edit
59
Uruk
-
present
Confident No Edit
60
Sasanid Empire I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
61
Seleucids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
62
Seljuk Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
63
Latium - Copper Age
-
absent
Confident No Edit
64
Papal States - High Medieval Period
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
65
Papal States - Medieval Period I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
66
Papal States - Medieval Period II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
67
Papal States - Renaissance Period
-
absent
Confident No Edit
68
Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity
-
absent
Confident No Edit
69
Republic of St Peter I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
70
Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
71
Kara-Khanids
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
72
Phoenician Empire
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
73
Saadi Sultanate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
74
Jenne-jeno I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
75
Jenne-jeno II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
76
Late Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
77
Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
78
Cuzco - Early Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
79
Cuzco - Early Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
80
Cuzco - Late Intermediate I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
81
Cuzco - Late Intermediate II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
82
Cuzco - Late Formative
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
83
Sakha - Early
-
absent
Confident No Edit
84
Sakha - Late
-
absent
Confident No Edit
85
Egypt - Kushite Period
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
86
Late Roman Republic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
87
Middle Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
88
Asuka
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
89
Kansai - Kofun Period
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
90
Nara Kingdom
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
91
Tokugawa Shogunate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
92
Kansai - Yayoi Period
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
93
Khmer Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
94
Bamana kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
95
Jenne-jeno III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
96
Jenne-jeno IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
97
Segou Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
98
Eastern Turk Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
99
Early Mongols
-
absent
Confident No Edit
100
Late Mongols
-
present
Confident No Edit
101
Shiwei
-
absent
Confident No Edit
102
Xianbei Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
103
Late Xiongnu
-
absent
Confident No Edit
104
Zungharian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
105
Monte Alban III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
106
Kingdom of Norway II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
107
Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
-
present
Inferred No Edit
108
Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
present
Inferred No Edit
109
Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic
-
present
Inferred No Edit
110
Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
111
Sind - Samma Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
112
Fatimid Caliphate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
113
Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
114
Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
115
Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
116
Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
117
Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
118
Hatti - New Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
119
Hatti - Old Kingdom
-
absent
Confident No Edit
120
Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
-
absent
Confident No Edit
121
Konya Plain - Early Neolithic
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
122
Ottoman Emirate
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
123
Early Illinois Confederation
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
124
Oneota
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
125
Samanid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
126
Timurid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
127
Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
128
Durrani Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
129
Erligang
-
present
Inferred No Edit
130
Erlitou
-
present
Confident No Edit
131
Hmong - Early Chinese
-
absent
Confident No Edit
132
Longshan
-
present
Inferred No Edit
133
Great Ming
-
absent
Confident No Edit
134
Late Shang
-
present
Confident No Edit
135
Early Wei Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
136
Yangshao
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
137
Prepalatial Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
138
Hawaii II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
139
Hawaii III
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
140
East Roman Empire
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
141
East Roman Empire
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
142
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
143
Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
144
Cahokia - Moorehead
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
145
Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II
-
present
Inferred No Edit
146
Cahokia - Sand Prairie
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
147
Tairona
-
present
Confident No Edit
148
Shuar - Ecuadorian
-
absent
Confident No Edit
149
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
present
Confident No Edit
150
Egypt - Dynasty I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
151
Naqada I
-
present
Confident No Edit
152
Egypt - Dynasty 0
-
present
Confident No Edit
153
Egypt - Late Old Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
154
Archaic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
155
Chuuk - Early Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
156
Chuuk - Late Truk
-
absent
Confident No Edit
157
Atlantic Complex
-
present
Inferred No Edit
158
Beaker Culture
-
present
Inferred No Edit
159
Delhi Sultanate
-
present
Confident No Edit
160
Gupta Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
161
Akan - Pre-Ashanti
-
present
Inferred No Edit
162
Ashanti Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
163
Final Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
164
Geometric Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
165
Hellenistic Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
166
Monopalatial Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
167
The Old Palace Crete
-
present
Inferred No Edit
168
Postpalatial Crete
-
present
Confident No Edit
169
Hoysala Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
170
Mahajanapada era
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
171
Kassite Babylonia
-
present
Confident No Edit
172
Bazi Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
173
Dynasty of E
-
present
Confident No Edit
174
Second Dynasty of Isin
-
present
Confident No Edit
175
Isin-Larsa
-
present
Confident No Edit
176
Neo-Babylonian Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
177
Icelandic Commonwealth
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
178
Rome - Republic of St Peter II
-
present
Confident No Edit
179
Early Roman Republic
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
180
Early Roman Republic
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
181
Roman Empire - Principate
-
present
Confident Yes Edit
182
Roman Empire - Principate
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
183
Western Turk Khaganate
-
present
Confident No Edit
184
Classical Angkor
-
absent
Confident No Edit
185
Early Angkor
-
absent
Confident No Edit
186
Late Angkor
-
absent
Confident No Edit
187
Chenla
-
absent
Confident No Edit
188
Funan I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
189
Indo-Greek Kingdom
-
present
Confident No Edit
190
Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
191
Funan II
-
absent
Confident No Edit
192
Mali Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
193
Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty
-
present
Confident No Edit
194
Khitan I
-
present
Confident No Edit
195
Rouran Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
196
Second Turk Khaganate
-
absent
Confident No Edit
197
Uigur Khaganate
-
present
Confident No Edit
198
Early Xiongnu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
199
Xiongnu Imperial Confederation
-
absent
Confident No Edit
200
Later Wagadu Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
201
Middle Wagadu Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
202
Early Monte Alban I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
203
Monte Alban Late I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
204
Monte Alban II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
205
Monte Alban IIIB and IV
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
206
Monte Alban V
-
absent
Confident No Edit
207
Oaxaca - San Jose
-
absent
Confident No Edit
208
Oaxaca - Tierras Largas
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
209
Inca Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
210
Wari Empire
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
211
Rattanakosin
-
present
Confident No Edit
212
Byzantine Empire I
-
absent
Confident No Edit
213
Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
214
Orokaiva - Colonial
-
present
Confident No Edit
215
Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
216
Kachi Plain - Urban Period I
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
217
Kachi Plain - Urban Period II
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
218
Ayutthaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
219
Byzantine Empire II
-
unknown
Confident No Edit
220
Byzantine Empire III
-
present
Confident No Edit
221
Konya Plain - Late Neolithic
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
222
Roman Empire - Dominate
-
absent
Confident Yes Edit
223
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early
-
present
Confident No Edit
224
Hausa bakwai
-
present
Confident No Edit
225
Kanem-Borno
-
present
Confident No Edit
226
Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late
-
present
Confident No Edit
227
Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
-
present
Inferred No Edit
228
Sogdiana - City-States Period
-
present
Confident No Edit
229
Early Modern Sierra Leone
-
present
Confident No Edit
230
Freetown
-
present
Confident No Edit
231
Mane
-
absent
Confident No Edit
232
Pre-Sape Sierra Leone
-
absent
Confident No Edit
233
Sape
-
absent
Confident No Edit
234
Nkore
-
absent
Confident No Edit
235
Toutswe
-
present
Confident No Edit
236
Great Zimbabwe
-
present
Confident No Edit
237
Dutch Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
238
Classical Ife
-
present
Confident No Edit
239
Ifat Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
240
Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
-
present
Confident No Edit
241
Foys
-
present
Confident No Edit
242
Whydah
-
present
Confident No Edit
243
Sokoto Caliphate
-
present
Confident No Edit
244
Igala
-
present
Confident No Edit
245
Buganda
-
present
Confident No Edit
246
Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
-
present
Confident No Edit
247
Benin Empire
-
present
Confident No Edit
248
Wukari Federation
-
present
Confident No Edit
249
Toro
-
absent
Confident No Edit
250
Buganda
-
present
Confident No Edit
251
Kingdom of Nyinginya
-
absent
Confident No Edit
252
Ndorwa
-
absent
Confident No Edit
253
Burundi
-
absent
Confident No Edit
254
Mubari
-
absent
Confident No Edit
255
Gisaka
-
absent
Confident No Edit
256
Bugesera
-
absent
Confident No Edit
257
Buhaya
-
present
Confident No Edit
258
Adal Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
259
Ajuran Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
260
Shoa Sultanate
-
present
Inferred No Edit
261
Golden Horde
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
262
Saffarid Caliphate
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
263
Kingdom of Cayor
-
present
Inferred No Edit
264
Kingdom of Saloum
-
present
Inferred No Edit
265
Kingdom of Baol
-
present
Inferred No Edit
266
Kingdom of Sine
-
present
Inferred No Edit
267
Kingdom of Waalo
-
present
Inferred No Edit
268
British Empire IIIIIIIIII
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
269
Jolof Empire
-
present
Inferred No Edit
270
Imamate of Futa Toro
-
present
Inferred No Edit
271
Denyanke Kingdom
-
present
Inferred No Edit
272
Kingdom of Jolof
-
present
Inferred No Edit
273
Karagwe
-
present
Inferred No Edit
274
Kaabu
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
275
West Burkina Faso Red II and III
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
276
West Burkina Faso Red IV
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
277
Torwa-Rozvi
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
278
Plantagenet England
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
279
Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
280
Lombard Kingdom
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
281
Us Reconstruction-Progressive
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
282
Antebellum US
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
283
Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
284
British Empire I
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
285
Napoleonic France
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
286
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
287
Khwarezmid Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
288
Hohokam Culture
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
289
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
290
Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty
-
absent
Inferred No Edit
291
Kushan Empire
-
unknown
Suspected No Edit
292
Hmong - Late Qing
-
absent
Confident No Edit
293
Late Qing
-
absent
Confident No Edit