Gov Res Prop Own For Rel Grp List
A viewset for viewing and editing Government Restrictions on Property Ownership for Adherents of and Religious Groups.
GET /api/rt/government-restrictions-on-property-ownership-for-adherents-of-and-religious-groups/?ordering=id
{ "count": 296, "next": "https://seshatdata.com/api/rt/government-restrictions-on-property-ownership-for-adherents-of-and-religious-groups/?ordering=id&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": null, "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "unknown", "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "InDecIA", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300, "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "new_name": "in_deccan_ia", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The South Indian Iron Age lasted, roughly, from 1200 to 300 BCE. §REF§ (Johansen 2014, 59) Peter G. Johansen. 2014. 'The Politics of Spatial Renovation: Reconfiguring Ritual Practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India'. <i>Journal of Social Archaeology</i> 14 (1): 59-86. §REF§ The vast majority of Iron Age megalithic structures and associated sites have been found in the modern-day Indian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. §REF§ (Brubaker 2001-2002, 253) Robert Brubaker. 2001-2002. 'Aspects of Mortuary Variability in the South Indian Iron Age'. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute</i> 60-61: 253-302. §REF§ As in the preceding Neolithic period, South Indians sustained themselves through bovine and caprine pastoralism as well as the cultivation of millet and pulses - and, increasingly, wheat, barley, and rice. Settlement designs became more complex and labour-intensive, and new social arrangements and mortuary practices emerged. §REF§ (Johansen 2014, 65) Peter G. Johansen. 2014. 'The Politics of Spatial Renovation: Reconfiguring Ritual Practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India'. <i>Journal of Social Archaeology</i> 14 (1): 59-86. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>Differences in the scale, design and materials of mortuary megalithic structures and associated grave goods point to the growing hierarchization of South Indian societies at this time. §REF§ (Johansen 2014, 65) Peter G. Johansen. 2014. 'The Politics of Spatial Renovation: Reconfiguring Ritual Practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India'. <i>Journal of Social Archaeology</i> 14 (1): 59-86. §REF§ However, there was some variation in terms of the sociopolitical organization of individual communities: for example, it is likely that some chiefs with limited decision-making powers ruled over single settlements, and that more powerful leaders based in large centres exerted some control over surrounding settlements, and that some polities were made up of several settlements ruled by a hierarchy of leaders who answered to a single paramount chief. The first type of polity probably prevailed at the beginning of the Iron Age, while the second and third type likely became more common towards its end. §REF§ (Brubaker 2001-2002, 287-91) Robert Brubaker. 2001-2002. 'Aspects of Mortuary Variability in the South Indian Iron Age'. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute</i> 60-61: 253-302. §REF§ <br>No population estimates for this period could be found in the specialist literature.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 2, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "“Many scholars have felt impelled to emphasise the toleration of different sects and denominations evinced by Indian rulers. [...] It seems fairly clear that, traditionally in India, people readily transferred or distributed their allegiance between different sects, seeing no logical inconsistency in approaching different gods for different purposes, and that this apparently syncretic style of religious behaviour encouraged a relaxed attitude to what others did as well; evidently, too, rulers generally extended their acceptance of this practice. [...] Much of the evidence, then, suggests that all the diverse religious sects were freely tolerated by a prevailing world view that was ready to acknowledge a certain common validity. Yet it is unlikely that such a view could rise to the status of cultural orthodoxy without friction. Although references to religious wars and persecutions are conspicuously absent from the historical record of ancient India, this does not rule out lesser types of conflict, and some scholars believe that there is indeed evidence of localised disagreement and resentment. [...] For example, the Arthaśāstra gratuitously advises the agents of a king to help themselves, on behalf of the ruler, to the property of groups on the fringes of society who might not have powerful friends. Moreover, there are hints in scattered sources that the followers of orthodox Brahman teachers at times ganged up against Buddhist or Jain establishments that had lost their former patronage. [...] Still, hard evidence of religious persecution in these ancient times is scattered and fragmentary. In the absence of more solid evidence, the view has gained ground that pre-modern India had a cultural unity that precluded communal conflict, but we think that this picture is not sufficiently nuanced. Doniger’s perception that there was widespread persecution of non-Brahmans during the first millennium may fairly represent the situation that arose at certain times, but we cannot be at all sure how widespread the phenomenon was, or at what times it was most marked.//\"Still, we should note that, simply as a matter of practical politics, there was at least one factor that would certainly have acted to limit the ferocity of any sectarian persecutions – the absence of a clear and powerful advantage at all times for kings in identifying themselves with the Brahman interest. No clear dividing line existed, in fact, between ruling families that were of ‘genuine’ ‘Aryan’ descent, and the rest; the ruling elite presided over heterogeneous populations within which Brahmanism, as an agent of Sanskritisation and as a common cultural denominator, was slowly feeling its way towards a new role, directed towards shaping an inclusive syncretism. Thus, the Brahmanical revival could not afford to go too far. Especially, it had to be very wary of attacking the prudent preference of kings for policies that had the capacity to attract wide support among the multiple disparate groups that constituted the citizenry. The Brahmans had to make do with whatever qualified honour they could find within the frame of an eclectic culture. Such structural constraints are likely to have kept them from striking at their enemies too wantonly.”§REF§(Copland, Mabbett, Roy, Brittlebank and Bowles 2012: 74-77) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATSZ6QBU\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: ATSZ6QBU </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "InKampi", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327, "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "new_name": "in_kampili_k", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Kampili Kingdom was a small, short-lived polity founded along the northern shore of the Tunghabadra river. §REF§ (Sinopoli 2003, 74) Carla Sinopoli. 2003. <i>The Political Economy of Craft Production</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ An absolute date for its founding could not be found in the specialist literature, but, in 1327 CE, the region was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate. §REF§ (Sinopoli 2003, 75) Carla Sinopoli. 2003. <i>The Political Economy of Craft Production</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>Little is known about the sociopolitical structures of this polity, §REF§ (Sinopoli 2003, 75) Carla Sinopoli. 2003. <i>The Political Economy of Craft Production</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ and no population estimates could be found in the specialist literature.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 3, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "‘‘‘“These [Kadamba] kings nevertheless were of a very tolerant disposition and allowed other religions to flourish in their kingdom side by side with Saivism.” §REF§ (Moraes and Heras 1932: 249) George M. Moraes & Heras, H. (1932). The Kadamba Kula: A history of ancient and mediaeval Karnataka. Bombay: Furtado. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4A35K9\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: QJ4A35K9 </b></a> §REF§“it is clear that the Kadamba kings adopted a liberal attitude towards all religions. This was, no doubt, aimed at seeking validation for their power.” §REF§ (Dayma 2005: 162) Dayma, Yogender. (2005). STRUCTURE OF LEGITIMATION UNDER THE EARLY KADAMBAS. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 66, 155–166. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4NTBSDJQ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 4NTBSDJQ </b></a> §REF§ The following quote directly speaks to the Kadamba’s patronage of different religions. While it is not possible to rule out any form of intolerance based on this quote, patronage does speak to a form of support of different religious cults during this polity. “The Kadambas not only patronized the pan-Indian religions like Jainism, Brahmanism and Buddhism but also patronized at least one local religious sect i.e. the cult of god Malapalli. […]. Of the total forty-six inscriptions used in this study, twenty eight record donations to brahmanas, twelve are associated with Jaina ascetics and two have Buddhist association. One inscription records patronage to a local deity called Malapallideva. This patronage was generally given in the form of land grants to the religious institutions (and also to brahmanas, in case of Brahmanism) and sometimes for the construction of such institutions. […] The Kadambas also patronized Jainism liberally. In this case also, the form of patronage was not land grants for feeding the ascetics and for the maintenance of temples only but included construction of temples as well. […] Our sources do not mention the construction of any Buddhist monastery or temple by any of the Kadamba rulers or by their officials. But some grants were given to the Buddhists also. […] But it is important to note that none of these grants was made by the king himself. It shows that Buddhism was losing popularity in the region by this time.” §REF§ (Dayma 2005: 161-162) Dayma, Yogender. (2005). STRUCTURE OF LEGITIMATION UNDER THE EARLY KADAMBAS. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 66, 155–166. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4NTBSDJQ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 4NTBSDJQ </b></a> §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "InKadam", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550, "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "new_name": "in_kadamba_emp", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Kadamba dynasty ruled over a region that largely falls within the boundaries of the modern-day Indian states of Karnataka and Maharashtra. §REF§ (Moraes [1931] 1990, 47) George Moraes. 1990. <i>The Kadamba Kula</i>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. §REF§ An absolute start date could not be found in the specialist literature. However, much is known about this polity's monarchs. Most notably, Kakushtavarma, widely regarded as the greatest Kadamba king, concluded marriage alliances with prominent ruling families (thus extending Kadamba influence over much of the subcontinent) and created an internal police force to ensure the safe movement of people from one part of the empire to another. §REF§ (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 47) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. <i>A History of Karnataka</i>. New Delhi: S. Chand. §REF§ After Kakushtavarma, the empire was temporarily split among his heirs, each division with its own capital: Halsi for the north and west, Triparvata for the south, and Uchchangi for the east. §REF§ (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 49) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. <i>A History of Karnataka</i>. New Delhi: S. Chand. §REF§ The empire was partly reunited a generation later under Ravivarma. §REF§ (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 48) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. <i>A History of Karnataka</i>. New Delhi: S. Chand. §REF§ However, the polity disintegrated rapidly under Harivarma, and much of its territory was seized by the Chalukyas of Badami in the 540s CE. §REF§ (Kadambi 2007, 178) Hemanth Kadambi. 2007. 'Negotiated Pasts and Memorialized Present in Ancient India', in <i>Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research</i>, edited by Norman Yoffee, 155-82. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>In imitation of the Satavahanas, the Kadambas referred to their leader as <i>dharmamaharaja</i> §REF§ (Kamath 1980, 38) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. <i>A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present</i>. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. §REF§ The dharmamaharaja was assisted at court by a royal council and the crown prince, and in the provinces he was represented by viceroys and governors. §REF§ (Kamath 1980, 38) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. <i>A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present</i>. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. §REF§ <br>No population estimates for this period could be found in the specialist literature.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 4, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "‘‘‘“Patronage by the royal court of religious institutions and foundations is one of the hallmarks of the development of India under the rule of the Gupta and Vākātaka kings (4th- 5th centuries). This patronage was extended also to religious movements other than the king's own persuasion. The evolving culture of religious tolerance and enthusiasm is apparent in the temple monuments of the time.” §REF§ (Bakker 2010: 461) Bakker, Hans. October 2010. Royal Patronage and Religious Tolerance: The Formative Period of Gupta-Vakataka Culture. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. Vol. 20. No. 4. pp.461-475. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U93I6H8E\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: U93I6H8E </b></a> §REF§“The kings of the eastern Vakatakas were either Mahesvaras or Bhagavatas. The Vatsagulma kings call themselves Dharmamaharaja, without being more explicit about their religious orientation. They were, at least indirectly, great patrons of the Buddhist sangha, though we do not possess indications that they themselves were Buddhists.The title Dharmamaharaja may therefore be interpreted as a general one indicating an oecumenical attitude towards the religions represented in their kingdom.” §REF§ (Bakker 1997: 58) Bakker, Hans. 1997. The Vākāṭakas: an essay in Hindu iconology. Groningen: E. Forsten. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/V7U5GXKR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: V7U5GXKR </b></a> §REF§ NB the following quote refers to the Gupta-Vakataka age. “The followers of the different religions, however, lived in harmony and there was complete toleration. Hindu kings endowed Buddhist monasteries. Buddhist kings performed Hindu rituals. In the same family some members followed the Buddhist, and some the Vedic religion.” §REF§ (Majumbar and Altekar 1946, 9) Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. Altekar, Anant Sadashiv. (1949) 1986. Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8X6M5DJZ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8X6M5DJZ </b></a> §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "InVakat", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550, "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "new_name": "in_vakataka_k", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Vakataka dynasty ruled over the central Indian region of Vidarbha and surrounding areas between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE. This polity was founded by King Vindhyasakti in around 255 CE, reached its zenith around 510, and had been replaced by the Chalukya polity by the mid-6th century. §REF§ (Majumbar and Altekar 1946, 44, 123) Ramesh Chandra Majumdar and Anant Sadashiv Altekar. 1986. <i>Vakataka - Gupta Age circa 200-550 A.D.</i> Benares: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. §REF§ The Vakataka period was characterized by the establishment of a centrally ruling authority, agrarian expansion, and the revival of Hinduism, aided by an increase in royal land grants assigned for religious purposes and the construction of new temples. §REF§ (Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. 'State Formation Process in the Vidarbha during the Vakataka Period'. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-62. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>The Vakataka polity was ruled by a king. §REF§ (Sawant 2009, 145) Reshma Sawant. 2008. 'State Formation Process in the Vidarbha during the Vakataka Period'. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-62. §REF§ Inscriptions suggest that he was aided at court by ministers and administrative personnel, including revenue officers, and in the provinces by a hierarchy of provincial and local authorities. §REF§ (Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. 'State Formation Process in the Vidarbha during the Vakataka Period'. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-62. §REF§ <br>No population estimates for this period could be found in the specialist literature.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 5, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "‘‘‘NB the following quote does not explicitly refer to government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group, rather it discusses a general level of tolerance of the Chālukyan rulers. “The Chālukyan rulers sincerely strove for the welfare and happiness of their people. Though kings had unbridled authority, they could not have behaved like tyrants for that would have provoked rebellion. The lofty ideals of charity, impartiality, self-restrained, a liberal attitude towards learning and the learned and respect for religion were constantly in their minds.” §REF§ (Dikshit 1980: 205) Dikshit, D. P. (1980). Political history of the Chālukyas of Badami. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. SeshartURL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ACXSGNV5\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: ACXSGNV5 </b></a> §REF§NB the following quote discusses the tolerance of one of the Chalukyan’s rulers – Vinayaditya [681CE-696CE], in particular. “Vinayaditya was not only a distringuished warrior, who had fought several battles and pushed his arms in the South as well as in the North, but also a benevolent and tolerant ruler, interested in patronising men of letters and artistic talent, and showing respect to all religions. In fact, his daughter, Kumkumamahadevi, was married to a feudatory of his – the Alupa kind Chitravahana, and she got a Jain temple constructed at Gudigere.”§REF§ (Dikshit 1980: 154) Dikshit, D. P. (1980). Political history of the Chālukyas of Badami. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. SeshartURL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ACXSGNV5\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: ACXSGNV5 </b></a> §REF§NB equally the following quote discusses the same level of tolerance of the ruler Vijayaditya, the son of Vinayaditya, who scored the longest ruling period in the Chalukyan period. This shows a level of continuity between rulers in this polity. “Vijayaditya’s peaceful reign was equally noted for many sided activities in art and culture. The ruler was broad-minded and tolerant enough to patronise different religions. In his time the temple building activities also received impetus. The ruler himself built a great Siva temple at Pattadakal, which was named after him as Vijayesvara. […] Several copper plates issued by this Chalukyan monarch granting land to the Brahmanas and religious persons from different camps point to his patronising those engaged in religious activities. Vijayaditya equally patronised Jainism.”§REF§ (Dikshit 1980: 162) Dikshit, D. P. (1980). Political history of the Chālukyas of Badami. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. SeshartURL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ACXSGNV5\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: ACXSGNV5 </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "InChaBd", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753, "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "new_name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Chalukyas of Badami (or Chalukyas of Vatapi) §REF§ (Kadambi 2007, 158) Hemanth Kadambi. 2007. 'Negotiated Pasts and Memorialized Present in Ancient India', in <i>Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research</i>, edited by Norman Yoffee, 155-82. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. §REF§ ruled over an area roughly corresponding to the modern-day Indian states of Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, the region of South Gujarat, half of the state of Madhya Pradesh, the Rayaseema district and half the Andhra district of Andhra Pradesh. §REF§ (Kamath 1980) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. <i>A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present</i>. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. §REF§ This polity was founded in 543 CE, when Pulakesin I established the capital of Badami or Vatapi, §REF§ (Kadambi 2007, 178) Hemanth Kadambi. 2007. 'Negotiated Pasts and Memorialized Present in Ancient India', in <i>Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research</i>, edited by Norman Yoffee, 155-82. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. §REF§ and it was supplanted by the Rashtrakuta polity in the 750s. §REF§ (Basavaraja 1984, 62) K. R. Basavaraja. 1984. <i>History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification</i>. Dharwad: Chalukya Publications. §REF§ The peak of the polity can be considered to correspond to the reign of Pulakesin II (609-643 CE), who re-established his dynasty's power throughout much of the Deccan after a period of instability, further extended the empire's bounds through a series of successful military campaigns, and founded new dynastic lines in eastern India and in the Gujarat region. §REF§ (Sastri 1960, 212) K. A. Nilakanta Sastri. 1960. 'The Chalukyas of Badami', in <i>The Early History of the Deccan, Vol. 1</i>, edited by Ghulam Yazdani, 201-46. London: Oxford University Press. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>At the head of this polity was an emperor, who often ruled over conquered territories indirectly, through feudal subordinates or family relations. §REF§ (Dikshit 1980, 219-21) D. P. Dikshit. 1980. <i>Political History of the Chalukyas of Badami</i>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. §REF§ The emperor was also the polity's supreme military commander. §REF§ (Dikshit 1980, 267) D. P. Dikshit. 1980. <i>Political History of the Chalukyas of Badami</i>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. §REF§ In both military and administrative matters, he was assisted by the <i>sandhivigrahika</i>, or minister of war and peace: the only minister in the emperor's council mentioned explicitly in Chalukya inscriptions, and probably the most powerful. §REF§ (Dikshit 1980, 267) D. P. Dikshit. 1980. <i>Political History of the Chalukyas of Badami</i>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. §REF§ <br>No population estimates for the entire polity could be found in the literature. However, the capital may have been inhabited by as many as 70,000 people. §REF§ Christopher Chase-Dunn 2001, personal communication. §REF§ ", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 6, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "\"The Bahmani rulers were tolerant in religious matters, and though most of them were Sunnis, they did not persecute Shiism. Nor was jizyah levied on the Hindus during the early phase of Bahmanid rule. We have no reference to jizyah in the subsequent period also. If collected later on, it was collected as a part of land-revenue (kharaj).\"§REF§(Chandra 2004, 184) Chandra, S. 2004. Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part One: Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526). Revised Edition. Har-Anand. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EWZWPHV6\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: EWZWPHV6 </b></a>§REF§ \"Muslim rule in the Deccan and adjoining areas did not do much damage to Hinduism, although the Vedic form of Hinduism was impossible to practice under these conditions. However, small communities of Brahmanas did manage to keep it alive. The Puranic form of Hinduism, under the circumstances, replaced the Vedic religion, which as we noted earlier needs special conditions for its practice.\"§REF§(Ramachandran 2018: 225) Ramachandran, R. 2018. A History of Hinduism: The Past, Present and Future. Sage India. <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XBIURS7C\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: XBIURS7C </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 411, "name": "InBahma", "start_year": 1347, "end_year": 1518, "long_name": "Bahmani Sultanate", "new_name": "in_bahmani_sultanate", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 54, "name": "Somewhere", "subregions_list": null, "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 7, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "‘‘‘“The Rashtrakuta kings were basically Hindus but very tolerant of other religions such as Jainism and Buddhism. Amoghavarsha I was attracted to Jainism, being a disciple of Jinasenacharya. Although Buddhism had declined, there were pockets of Buddhism in places like Dambal and Balligavi. Different Hindu sects such as Vaishnavism and Shaivism flourished during the period of the Rashtrakutas, and Vishnu and Shiva were popular gods. The family deity of the kings was the goddess Latana, known by different names such as Rashtrashyena and Manasa Vindyavasini. The Rashtrakutas were not averse to close relations with Arabs residing in the Sind area of northwestern India. Trade with them was encouraged, and Arab Muslims were sometimes even appointed as city administrators. Islam was slowly penetrating South India, with mosques being established in the coastal towns of Kayalpattanam and Nagore.” §REF§ (Mishra, 2016) Mishra, P. P. 2016. ‘Rashtrakuta Empire’. In The Encyclopedia of Empire. Edited by J. Mackenzie. Wiley. Credo Reference: https://search-credoreference-com.uea.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/wileyempire/rashtrakuta_empire/0?institutionId=1278. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DH2FKIBF\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: DH2FKIBF </b></a> §REF§ “Abu Ishtak AI Ishtakhri and Ibn Haukal state that the Rashtrakuta administration was very partial to the Muslims and that none but Muslims ruled over their coreligionists living in that empire. This statement, if not exaggerated, will only show how that the personal law of the Muslims was administered to them through their own Kazis. The administration seems to have given them the same privileges, which were recommended to the guilds, traders, foresters etc., by the Smritis.” §REF§ (Altekar 1934, 187), Altekar, Anant Sadashiv. 1934. The Rashtrakutas and their Times. Poona: Oriental Book Agency. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SZ3UZZT6\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: SZ3UZZT6 </b></a> §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "InRasht", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973, "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "new_name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Rashtrakuta Empire extended over an area roughly corresponding to the modern-day Indian states of Karnataka, Goa, and Telangana, the state of Maharashtra minus its eastern region (Nagpur), the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, and South Gujarat. §REF§ (Kamath 1980) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. <i>A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present</i>. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. §REF§ It could be said to have started in 753 CE, when Dantidurga, a rebellious provincial ruler, defeated his imperial overlords, the Chalukyas of Badami, in battle; however, Dantidurga had already begun to annex territories some time before this date. §REF§ (Basavaraja 1984, 62) K. R. Basavaraja. 1984. <i>History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification</i>. Dharwad: Chalukya Publications. §REF§ The empire collapsed around 973, when, weakened by a Pallava raid and an inept king, it was unable to quash the rebellion of one of its feudatories, Tailapa II, who took the capital. Subsequently, a number of other feudatories declared independence from Rashtrakuta rule. Eventually, most of them were brought under control by the newly re-established Chalukyas. §REF§ (Basavaraja 1984, 82-83) K. R. Basavaraja. 1984. <i>History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification</i>. Dharwad: Chalukya Publications. §REF§ <br>The Rashtrakutas rapidly became undisputed rulers of the Deccan Plateau, and organized several successful expeditions in Northern India, even securing, for a time, the long-contested region of Kanauj (under Indra III). However, none of the territorial gains made during these expeditions could be held for more than a short period, and it appears that the main aim of the expeditions was not so much to extend Rashtrakuta rule as to advertise its military might and increase its prestige. §REF§ (Basavaraja 1984, 62-83) K. R. Basavaraja. 1984. <i>History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification</i>. Dharwad: Chalukya Publications. §REF§ Under the long and relatively peaceful reign of Amoghavarsa I or Nrpatunga (814-878 CE), literature and the arts flourished, and the capital of Malkhed was built. §REF§ (Madan 1990, 120-22) A. P. Madan. 1990. <i>The History of the Rashtrakutas</i>. New Delhi: Harman. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>The Rashtrakuta emperor was the head of the civil, military and judicial administration. §REF§ (Madan 1990, 193) A. P. Madan. 1990. <i>The History of the Rashtrakutas</i>. New Delhi: Harman. §REF§ However, he did not rule directly over annexed territories: rather, he subdivided his empire among his subordinates (feudatories), who in turn subdivided their own territories among their own subordinates (sub-feudatories), and feudatories and sub-feudatories enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy. §REF§ (Madan 1990, 192) A. P. Madan. 1990. <i>The History of the Rashtrakutas</i>. New Delhi: Harman. §REF§ <br>No overall population estimates could be found in the literature. The capital, Malkhed or Manyakheta, may have had around 100,000 inhabitants, §REF§ Christopher Chase-Dunn 2001, personal communication. §REF§ However, estimates are made difficult by the fact that the capital was destroyed by Chola armies in the 10th century CE, and what was left was subsequently destroyed by the armies of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals. Today, the Rashtrakuta capital is little more than a village. Not only that, but what little information exists about the city's heyday appears to be strongly influenced by Jain tradition, which may be biased, considering that Malkhed used to be a major centre for the religion. §REF§ (Mishra 1992, 208) Jayashri Mishra. 1992. <i>Social and Economic Conditions under the Imperial Rashtrakutas</i>. New Delhi: Commonwealth. §REF§ ", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 8, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "‘‘‘“Peas mentions the Muslim quarters described above in his memoirs. But there was one more Muslim extension in the capital. In the eastern part of Hampi, are several Muslim structures. This area is now known as Kadirampura. There are two beautiful and magnificent tombs. This probably belongs to some influential Muslim nobles of the city. This was the second Muslim quarters of the capital. As Muslim soldiers were well-versed in military techniques. Devaraya I (1406-1422), appointed Muslims in his army. He took all the care not to offend their religious feelings. Ferishta, the medieval Muslim chronicler informs that Devaraya made arrangements to place the Quran on a dais in his court so that his Muslim subjects could offer obeisance before it. Muslim nobles or courtiers paid their respect to the king through their sacred scripture. This system was followed by Devaraya II, Krsnadevaraya and Sadasivaraya. Thus, Vijayanagara rulers exhibited immense religious tolerance in their empire.” §REF§ (Shivarudraswamy 2005, 396) Shivarudraswamy, S. N. (2005). HINDU-MUSLIM RELATIONS UNDER THE VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 66, 394–398. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MTUQI5NA\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: MTUQI5NA </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "InVijay", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646, "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "new_name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Vijayanagara Empire ruled over southern India: specifically, it comprised an area roughly equivalent to the modern-day Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. §REF§ (Kamath 1980, 329) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. <i>A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present</i>. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. §REF§ This polity could be said to have been founded with the establishment of the fortified city of Vijayanagara itself in 1340, and it fragmented into many smaller polities roughly three hundred years later, due to both civil wars and incursions from Islamic polities to the North. §REF§ (Stein 1990, 2, 13) Burton Stein. 1990. <i>The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ Under Vijayanagara rule, architecture flourished (many temples were built or rebuilt, and the first permanent non-religious buildings, including royal palaces, were constructed), trade and agriculture boomed, new towns were founded, and new notions of legal rights emerged. §REF§ (Stein 1990, xii, 2) Burton Stein. 1990. <i>The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>As with most preceding South Indian polities, the Vijayanagara ruler sat at the top of both administrative and military hierarchies. §REF§ (Majumdar, Raychaudhuri and Datta 1974, 373) R. C. Majumdar, H. C. Raychaudhuri, Kalikinkar Datta. 1974. <i>An Advanced History of India</i>. Delhi: Macmillan India. §REF§ He was assisted at court by several ministers, and in the provinces by governors. §REF§ (Majumdar, Raychaudhuri and Datta 1974, 373-74) R. C. Majumdar, H. C. Raychaudhuri, Kalikinkar Datta. 1974. <i>An Advanced History of India</i>. Delhi: Macmillan India. §REF§ <br>Assuming that the entire population of the Indian subcontinent at this time equalled 150 million, it seems reasonable to estimate that the population of the Vijayanagara empire was about 25 million. §REF§ (Stein 1990, 44) Burton Stein. 1990. <i>The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ Burton Stein estimates that the city of Vijayanagara at its height in the 16th century had over 100,000 inhabitants, §REF§ (Stein 1990, 75) Burton Stein. 1990. <i>The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. §REF§ while Carla Sinopoli believes the population could have been over 250,000. §REF§ (Sinopoli 2000, 370) Carla Sinopoli. 2000. 'From the Lion Throne: Political and Social Dynamics of the Vijayanagara Empire'. <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i> 43 (3): 364-98. §REF§ ", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 9, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": null, "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "unknown", "polity": { "id": 85, "name": "InDecNL", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200, "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "new_name": "in_deccan_nl", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The South Indian Neolithic lasted from about 3000 to 1200 BCE. Here we are particularly interested in the northern part of the modern-day Indian state of Karnataka, where Neolithic communities appear to have been small, egalitarian, and reliant on pastoralism (mostly cattle), agriculture (mostly millet and pulses), and hunting and gathering. The prevalence of cattle motifs in rock art, as well as the number of ashmounds (large mounds of burned cattle dung) dotting the landscape, point to the symbolic importance of cattle in South Indian Neolithic ideology as a whole. §REF§ (Johansen 2014, 62-65) Johansen, Peter. 2014. “The Politics of Spatial Renovation: Reconfiguring Ritual Practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India.” Journal of Social Archaeology 14 (1): 59-86. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/M4E9T7IR\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/M4E9T7IR</a>. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>The presence of only minor variations in house size, design and content, as well as in mortuary practices, suggests an egalitarian society during this period. §REF§ (Johansen 2014, 63) Johansen, Peter. 2014. “The Politics of Spatial Renovation: Reconfiguring Ritual Practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India.” Journal of Social Archaeology 14 (1): 59-86. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/M4E9T7IR\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/M4E9T7IR</a>. §REF§ No population estimates are provided by the literature.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 10, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "‘‘‘NB the following quote generally describes the will of the Hoysalas rulers to maintain religious harmony. “While King Vishnuvardhana and his descendants were Vaishnava by faith, records show that the Hoysalas maintained religious harmony by building as many temples dedicated to Shiva as they did to Visnu.” §REF§ (Bhargava 2010:1308) Bhargava, P. (2010). HOYASALA TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE – “THE LATER CHALUKYAN STYLE.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 71, 1307–1309. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NKX6XBSA\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: NKX6XBSA </b></a> §REF§ “An important aspect of Hoysala rule, until its decline, was its religious tolerance, which supported social cohesion within the empire. Under the influence of Ramanuja and other divines, Vishnuvardhana (r.1108–1152) was the first of the dynasty to convert to the increasingly popular Hindu Vaishnava faith (from Jainism, and changing his name from Bittiga in the process). He was inspired to build magnificent new temples at his capital of Dorasamudra (transferred from Belur) and elsewhere, but focused on the heartland of the Hoysala kingdom. Some 1500 temples are said to have been built during the Hoysala period, mostly dedicated to Vishnu and Shiva. Jainism continued also, and at least one of Vishnuvardhana's queens, Shantala Devi, and a daughter were Jains. The former is known to have commissioned the (Vaishnava) Kappe Channigaraya temple (1117) at Belur, sited next to Vishnuvardhana's Chennakesava temple of the same date.” §REF§ (Dalziel 2016 online) Dalziel, N. R. (2016). Hoysala Empire. In J. Mackenzie (Ed.), The encyclopedia of empire. Wiley. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QCBZAH3X\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: QCBZAH3X </b></a> §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "InHoysa", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346, "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "new_name": "in_hoysala_k", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Hoysala dynasty ruled over a territory roughly equivalent to the southern Indian state of Karnataka, plus the eastern and southeastern margins of Andhra Pradesh and the northwest corner of Tamil Nadu. §REF§ (Kamath 1980) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. <i>A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present</i>. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. §REF§ For much of the 12th century CE, the Hoysalas were mere provincial rulers within the wider Chalukya empire, §REF§ (Kamath 1980, 130-32) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. <i>A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present</i>. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. §REF§ but they rebelled and wrested control over the region from the Chalukyas in 1191. §REF§ (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 96) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. <i>A History of Karnataka</i>. New Delhi: S. Chand. §REF§ They lost their empire with the death of Emperor Vira Virupaksha in 1346. §REF§ (Kamath 1980, 136) Suryanath Kamath. 1980. <i>A Concise History of Karnataka: From Pre-historic Times to the Present</i>. Bangalore: Archana Prakashana. §REF§ Under Hoysala rule, literature and the arts flourished, particularly architecture, as testified by the Hoysala temples at Halebidu, Belur and Somanathapura. §REF§ (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 111) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. <i>A History of Karnataka</i>. New Delhi: S. Chand. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>As with most preceding South Indian polities, the Hoysala ruler held judiciary, executive and legislative powers §REF§ (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 123) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. <i>A History of Karnataka</i>. New Delhi: S. Chand. §REF§ and was also the polity's supreme military leader. §REF§ (Derrett 1957, 105) J. Duncan M. Derrett. 1957. <i>The Hoysalas: A Medieval Indian Royal Family</i>. Madras: Oxford University Press. §REF§ He was assisted at court by several ministers §REF§ (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 137) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. <i>A History of Karnataka</i>. New Delhi: S. Chand. §REF§ and in the provinces by governors. §REF§ (Murthy and Ramakrishnan 1978, 124) H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan. 1978. <i>A History of Karnataka</i>. New Delhi: S. Chand. §REF§ <br>No population estimates for this period could be found in the literature.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] } ] }