| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 211 |
(French Kingdom - Late Valois) |
Full Year Range of French Kingdom - Late Valois is assumed. [1450, 1589] |
present |
Early Valois bridges built over Saone at St-Jean-de-Losne. §REF§(Spufford 2006, 155)§REF§ and bridge of St. Laurent at Macon. §REF§(Spufford 2006, 164)§REF§ | |
| 212 |
(Medang Kingdom) |
Full Year Range of Medang Kingdom is assumed. [732, 1019] |
present |
§REF§(Hall in Tarling 1993, 206)§REF§ | |
| 213 |
(Canaan) |
Full Year Range of Canaan is assumed. [-2000, -1175] |
absent |
Bridges were absent during the Iron Age,§REF§Dorsey (1991).§REF§ and there are no references to their presence earlier. | |
| 214 |
(Yehuda) |
Full Year Range of Yehuda is assumed. [-141, -63] |
present |
A large bridge spanned the Tyropoeon Valley, connecting the palace and the Temple Mount to the Upper City of Jerusalem, which is believed to have been built by the early Hasmoneans. This was destroyed during the siege of Pompey in 65 BCE by the city's defenders. | |
| 215 |
(Delhi Sultanate) |
Full Year Range of Delhi Sultanate is assumed. [1206, 1526] |
present |
During the reign of Sultan Firuz Shah (1351-1388 CE), "contemporary writers have noted with pride and joy that beautiful edifices were put up, including bridges, aqueducts, lakes, cisterns and irrigation channels." §REF§Siddiqui, I. H. (1986). Water works and irrigation system in India during pre-Mughal times. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient/Journal de l'histoire economique et sociale de l'Orient, 52-77, p58.§REF§ | |
| 216 |
(Elam - Awan Dynasty I) |
Full Year Range of Elam - Awan Dynasty I is assumed. [-2675, -2100] |
present |
"Other major administrative achievements of the Elamites included ... the construction and maintenance of numerous public works and enterprises, such as roads, bridges, cities and towns, communication centers, and economic and commercial centers..." §REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§ -- which period? | |
| 217 |
(Late Roman Republic) |
Full Year Range of Late Roman Republic is assumed. [-133, -31] |
present |
The first bridge thought to be the Pons Sublicius possibly in built 642 BCE under Ancus Marcius. In 179 BCE the first stone bridge was constructed. §REF§(Stearns 2001)§REF§ Caesar's engineers bridged the Rhine with a wooden bridge in 10 days. The Pons Fabricius arch bridge was constructed in 62 BCE. | |
| 218 |
(Early A'chik) |
Full Year Range of Early A'chik is assumed. [1775, 1867] |
absent |
The A’chik initially used trails only. Sinha reports temporary bridges, but only for the second half of the 20th century: ‘There is but one cart road running from Bagmara to Damra via Tura, the headquarters of the district. It is a fair-weather road for vehicular traffic. In the rains, however, most of the temporary bridges become unsuitable for traffic. The other short roads run from Tura on to Phulbari and the other to Mankachar, the border region on the north and west of the district. There is a camel track running very close to the central ridge connecting Damra with Tura being linked with Siju. The Assam Trunk Road runs on the north of the district. The inhabitants of the place usually have to walk over the hills following the foot tracks to go from one place to another. Where the rivers or rivulets are sufficiently deep, people use dugout boats to cover the distance when necessary. Towards the centre of the district, boats as a means of conveyance are very risky. The slopes are too steep, and the boulders under the surface of the water are too big for safe plying of boats.’ §REF§Sinha, Tarunchandra 1966. “Psyche Of The Garos”, 1§REF§ | |
| 219 |
(Late A'chik) |
Full Year Range of Late A'chik is assumed. [1867, 1956] |
absent |
According to SCCS variable 14 'Routes of Land Transport' only 'unimproved trails' were used for land transport, not roads. The A’chik initially used trails only. Sinha reports temporary bridges, but at a later field date than the time period covered here: ‘There is but one cart road running from Bagmara to Damra via Tura, the headquarters of the district. It is a fair-weather road for vehicular traffic. In the rains, however, most of the temporary bridges become unsuitable for traffic. The other short roads run from Tura on to Phulbari and the other to Mankachar, the border region on the north and west of the district. There is a camel track running very close to the central ridge connecting Damra with Tura being linked with Siju. The Assam Trunk Road runs on the north of the district. The inhabitants of the place usually have to walk over the hills following the foot tracks to go from one place to another. Where the rivers or rivulets are sufficiently deep, people use dugout boats to cover the distance when necessary. Towards the centre of the district, boats as a means of conveyance are very risky. The slopes are too steep, and the boulders under the surface of the water are too big for safe plying of boats.’ §REF§Sinha, Tarunchandra 1966. “Psyche Of The Garos”, 1§REF§ [There was precious little such infrastructure in the mid 50's, so I suppose there was not much earlier. There was a one lane gravel/dirt road up to Tura when I was there.] | |
| 220 |
(Mughal Empire) |
Full Year Range of Mughal Empire is assumed. [1526, 1858] |
present |
Bridges were constructed to allow faster transportation across land.§REF§Link§REF§ |