| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 201 |
(Papal States - Renaissance Period) |
Full Year Range of Papal States - Renaissance Period is assumed. [1378, 1527] |
present |
The papacy was responsible, through the Roman city government, for maintaining the bridges over the Tiber. | |
| 202 |
(Spanish Empire I) |
Full Year Range of Spanish Empire I is assumed. [1516, 1715] |
present |
"Churches, town halls, bridges, and public works of all sorts were created in the image of Escorial well into the second quarter of the seventeenth century." §REF§(Escobar 2016, 260) Escobar, Jesús. 2016. "Architecture in the Age of the Spanish Habsburgs." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 75(3): 258-261. https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/F2BFHI82§REF§ "A majority of deputies to the Cortes of 1586-8 criticised the government for authorising too many schemes for bridges, without offering any funds of its own to help along the work." §REF§(Casey 2002, 11) Casey, James. 2002. Early Modern Spain: A Social History. New York: Routledge. https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT§REF§ | |
| 203 |
(Chuuk - Early Truk) |
Full Year Range of Chuuk - Early Truk is assumed. [1775, 1886] |
present |
According to SCCS variable 14 'Routes of Land Transport' '2’ or 'improved trails, for porters or animal carriers' were present. We are unsure whether this applies to the late 18th and early 19th centuries as well. Writing in the colonial period, Bollig mentions bridges: 'The Truk natives have the reputation of being the laziest and dirtiest people of the South Seas. /220/ Actually they do not hurt themselves with work. Most of them work only as much as they have to. Eating and sleeping, and eating again, fill up their time. And their uncleanliness is indescribable. It is almost as if they had no feeling at all for any order and cleanliness. Around the house filth, rags, food remains; in it, the same. To be sure, they have a word for broom ( böbö), but rarely use it. They also bathe, even several times a day, and yet are never clean. If a tree falls across the path, it remains there. Everybody who takes the path has to climb over it. If a bridge collapses, it remains for months and years, until it is replaced. [Page 243] Training the islanders in orderly activity, punctuality, and cleanliness will take much time and effort.' §REF§Bollig, Laurentius 1927. “Inhabitants Of The Truk Islands: Religion, Life And A Short Grammar Of A Micronesian People”, 242§REF§ We have assumed that tree or liana bridges were present in some form in the pre-colonial period as well. This is open to re-consideration. | |
| 204 |
(Ashikaga Shogunate) |
Full Year Range of Ashikaga Shogunate is assumed. [1336, 1467] |
present |
'In the 1430's, a Korean envoy was surprised to discover the prevalent use of money in Muromachi Japan. Even those traveling from one end of the country to the other, he noted, did not carry provisions because coins were accepted everywhere at inns and post stations and even by toll collectors at bridges §REF§Yamamura, Kozo (ed). 2008. The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 3. Cambridge Histories Online Cambridge University Press [sixth edition].p.383-384§REF§ | |
| 205 |
(Chuuk - Late Truk) |
Full Year Range of Chuuk - Late Truk is assumed. [1886, 1948] |
present |
According to SCCS variable 14 'Routes of Land Transport' '2’ or 'improved trails, for porters or animal carriers' were present. Bollig mentions bridges: 'The Truk natives have the reputation of being the laziest and dirtiest people of the South Seas. /220/ Actually they do not hurt themselves with work. Most of them work only as much as they have to. Eating and sleeping, and eating again, fill up their time. And their uncleanliness is indescribable. It is almost as if they had no feeling at all for any order and cleanliness. Around the house filth, rags, food remains; in it, the same. To be sure, they have a word for broom ( böbö), but rarely use it. They also bathe, even several times a day, and yet are never clean. If a tree falls across the path, it remains there. Everybody who takes the path has to climb over it. If a bridge collapses, it remains for months and years, until it is replaced. [Page 243] Training the islanders in orderly activity, punctuality, and cleanliness will take much time and effort.' §REF§Bollig, Laurentius 1927. “Inhabitants Of The Truk Islands: Religion, Life And A Short Grammar Of A Micronesian People”, 242§REF§ | |
| 206 |
(Carolingian Empire II) |
Full Year Range of Carolingian Empire II is assumed. [840, 987] |
present |
Bridge building beginning in the 11th century. §REF§(Boyer 1995, 1748-1751)§REF§ There were existing bridges that could be maintained, e.g. in Paris. | |
| 207 |
(Early Merovingian) |
Full Year Range of Early Merovingian is assumed. [481, 543] |
present |
Roman era bridges. Gregory of Tours mentions the Grand pont over the Seine at Paris. §REF§(Yates and Gibson 1994, 13) Yates, N and Gibson, J M. 1994. Traffic and Politics: The Construction and Management of Rochester Bridge, AD 43-1993. Boydell & Brewer. Rochester.§REF§ | |
| 208 |
(Proto-Carolingian) |
Full Year Range of Proto-Carolingian is assumed. [687, 751] |
present |
Roman era bridges. Gregory of Tours mentions the Grand pont over the Seine at Paris. §REF§(Yates and Gibson 1994, 13) Yates, N and Gibson, J M. 1994. Traffic and Politics: The Construction and Management of Rochester Bridge, AD 43-1993. Boydell & Brewer. Rochester.§REF§ | |
| 209 |
(Middle Merovingian) |
Full Year Range of Middle Merovingian is assumed. [543, 687] |
present |
Roman era bridges. Gregory of Tours mentions the Grand pont over the Seine at Paris. §REF§(Yates and Gibson 1994, 13) Yates, N and Gibson, J M. 1994. Traffic and Politics: The Construction and Management of Rochester Bridge, AD 43-1993. Boydell & Brewer. Rochester.§REF§ | |
| 210 |
(French Kingdom - Early Valois) |
Full Year Range of French Kingdom - Early Valois is assumed. [1328, 1450] |
present |
Bridge built over Saone at St-Jean-de-Losne. §REF§(Spufford 2006, 155)§REF§ Bridge of St. Laurent at Macon. §REF§(Spufford 2006, 164)§REF§ |