| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 221 |
(Abbasid Caliphate I) |
Full Year Range of Abbasid Caliphate I is assumed. [750, 946] |
present |
The bridges of Samarra are an example of Bridge making during the Abassid Caliphate. Its inscriptions and brickwork stand out. §REF§Osman S. A. Ismail (1968). The founding of a new capital: Sāmarrā'. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 31, pp 1-13. provides further evidence of bridge building.§REF§§REF§Bloom, Jonathan M., and Sheila Blair, eds. The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture p. 334§REF§ | |
| 222 |
(Kassite Babylonia) |
Full Year Range of Kassite Babylonia is assumed. [-1595, -1150] |
present |
"Routes were often dictated by the location of oases, mountain passes, and river crossings, by bridge, ford, or ferry."EXTERNAL_INLINE_REFERENCE: ;(McIntosh 2005: 139) McIntosh, J. 2005. Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspective. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio. Seshat URL: EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD .; | |
| 223 |
(Bazi Dynasty) |
Full Year Range of Bazi Dynasty is assumed. [-1005, -986] |
present |
"Routes were often dictated by the location of oases, mountain passes, and river crossings, by bridge, ford, or ferry."EXTERNAL_INLINE_REFERENCE: ;(McIntosh 2005: 139) McIntosh, J. 2005. Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspective. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio. Seshat URL: EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD .; | |
| 224 |
(Dynasty of E) |
Full Year Range of Dynasty of E is assumed. [-979, -732] |
present |
"Routes were often dictated by the location of oases, mountain passes, and river crossings, by bridge, ford, or ferry."EXTERNAL_INLINE_REFERENCE: ;(McIntosh 2005: 139) McIntosh, J. 2005. Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspective. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio. Seshat URL: EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD .; | |
| 225 |
(Second Dynasty of Isin) |
Full Year Range of Second Dynasty of Isin is assumed. [-1153, -1027] |
present |
"Routes were often dictated by the location of oases, mountain passes, and river crossings, by bridge, ford, or ferry."EXTERNAL_INLINE_REFERENCE: ;(McIntosh 2005: 139) McIntosh, J. 2005. Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspective. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio. Seshat URL: EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD .; | |
| 226 |
(Neo-Babylonian Empire) |
Full Year Range of Neo-Babylonian Empire is assumed. [-626, -539] |
present |
The city of Babylon straddled the Euphrates river and a bridge was maintained to join the two parts of the city §REF§Gill, A. 2008. Gateway of the Gods: Rise and Fall of Babylon. London: Quercus. p.104§REF§ | |
| 227 |
(Achaemenid Empire) |
Full Year Range of Achaemenid Empire is assumed. [-550, -331] |
present |
"Mandorcles, another engineer of the Darius period, constructed a bridge over Begas Bosporus to allow the army to pass over. Bolts and nuts were used to fix the boards in its construction."§REF§(Angelakis, Mays and Koutsoyiannis 2012, 94) Angelakis A N, Mays L W, Koutsoyiannis, D. 2012. Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia. IWA Publishing.§REF§ "Darius crossed into Europe (in about 513) over a pontoon bridge built by his Samian engineer, Mandrocles (a feat not rivaled until 1973), which continued the royal road into Europe."§REF§(Shahbazi 2012, 127) Shahbazi, A Shapour. The Archaemenid Persian Empire (550-330 BCE) Daryaee, Touraj. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§ | |
| 228 |
(Ak Koyunlu) |
Full Year Range of Ak Koyunlu is assumed. [1339, 1501] |
present |
"There are abundant material remains and other nonwritten sources for the Aq-quyunlu period. Metin Sozen has catalogued nearly one hundred Aqquyunlu architectural structures in almost thirty locales in Anatolia alone. These buildings include mosques, madrasas, tombs, hospices, markets, caravanserais, baths, bridges, fountains, palaces, and fortifications. Unfortunately, no similar work exists for these monuments constructed in Iran during the imperial period, many of which have now disappeared." §REF§(Woods 1998, 218)§REF§ | |
| 229 |
(Ostrogothic Kingdom) |
Full Year Range of Ostrogothic Kingdom is assumed. [489, 554] |
present |
"The daily operation of the government, the maintenance of the post, road repair, and the like, primarily remained the..." - cannot read more than this, suggests these practices continued in the Ostrogothic Kingdom, presumably operated by Romans. §REF§(Burns 1991, 74)§REF§ | |
| 230 |
(Buyid Confederation) |
Full Year Range of Buyid Confederation is assumed. [932, 1062] |
present |
Abud al-Daula restored the bridge over the Hinduwān at Ahvaz. §REF§Busse, H. 1975. Iran under the Būyids. In Frye, R. N. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 4. The period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuq's. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.284§REF§ The Amir Barrier in Fars had three purposes: join river banks (bridge), water supply for irrigation, and energy (to turn water wheels for a millstone).§REF§(Mahmoudian and Mahmoudian 2012, 95) Angelakis A N, Mays L W, Koutsoyiannis, D. 2012. Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia. IWA Publishing.§REF§ |