| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 231 |
(Elymais II) |
Full Year Range of Elymais II is assumed. [25, 215] |
present |
"Elymais coined its own money, conducted its own public works programs"§REF§(Wenke 1981, 306) Wenke, Robert J. 1981. Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 101. No. 3. Jul-Sep. American Oriental Society. pp. 303-315. http://www.jstor.org/stable/602592§REF§ "Elymais' emergence as an independent state was paralelled by the rise of Characene (also called Mesene), and Arab state at the head of the Persian Gulf and centered at the city of Spasinu Charaz. Both Elymais and Characene controlled important trade routes connecting the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia with sea and land routes from India and China."§REF§(Wenke 1981, 306) Wenke, Robert J. 1981. Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 101. No. 3. Jul-Sep. American Oriental Society. pp. 303-315. http://www.jstor.org/stable/602592§REF§ | |
| 232 |
(Elam - Igihalkid Period) |
Full Year Range of Elam - Igihalkid Period is assumed. [-1399, -1200] |
present |
"Other major administrative achievements of the Elamites included ... the construction and maintenance of numerous public works and enterprises, such as roads, bridges, cities and towns, communication centers, and economic and commercial centers"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§ | |
| 233 |
(Elam - Shutrukid Period) |
Full Year Range of Elam - Shutrukid Period is assumed. [-1199, -1100] |
present |
"Other major administrative achievements of the Elamites included ... the construction and maintenance of numerous public works and enterprises, such as roads, bridges, cities and towns, communication centers, and economic and commercial centers"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§ | |
| 234 |
(Elam II) |
Full Year Range of Elam II is assumed. [-743, -647] |
present |
"Other major administrative achievements of the Elamites included ... the construction and maintenance of numerous public works and enterprises, such as roads, bridges, cities and towns, communication centers, and economic and commercial centers"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§ | |
| 235 |
(Parthian Empire I) |
Full Year Range of Parthian Empire I is assumed. [-247, 40] |
present |
According to ancient authors the Parthians built caravanserei and constructed bridges to encourage trade.§REF§(Raschke 1976, 820) Raschke, Manfred G. in Haase, Wolfgang ed. 1976. Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und Randvölker: Mesopotamien, Armenien, Iran, Südarabien, Rom und der Ferne Osten). Walter de Gruyter.§REF§ | |
| 236 |
(Parthian Empire II) |
Full Year Range of Parthian Empire II is assumed. [41, 226] |
present |
According to ancient authors the Parthians built caravanserei and constructed bridges to encourage trade.§REF§(Raschke 1976, 820) Raschke, Manfred G. in Haase, Wolfgang ed. 1976. Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und Randvölker: Mesopotamien, Armenien, Iran, Südarabien, Rom und der Ferne Osten). Walter de Gruyter.§REF§ | |
| 237 |
(Qajar) |
Full Year Range of Qajar is assumed. [1794, 1925] |
present |
Few passable roadways (suggesting there were some).§REF§(Martin 2005, 15) Vanessa Martin. 2005. The Qajar Pact: Bargaining, Protest and the State in Nineteenth-Century Persia. I. B. Tauris. London.§REF§ | |
| 238 |
(Sasanid Empire I) |
Full Year Range of Sasanid Empire I is assumed. [205, 487] |
present |
Stone bridge 500 meters in extent.§REF§(Nikitin 1996, 65) Nikitin, A. V. Customs, Arts and Crafts. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.59-80. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ "A number of bridges built during Shapur I's reign had dual utility, meaning that the bridges foundations were constructed in such a manner as to enable collection of water, while the main structure joined the two banks of the river."§REF§(Mahmoudian and Mahmoudian 2012, 95) Angelakis A N, Mays L W, Koutsoyiannis, D. 2012. Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia. IWA Publishing.§REF§ | |
| 239 |
(Sasanid Empire II) |
Full Year Range of Sasanid Empire II is assumed. [488, 642] |
present |
§REF§(Daryaee 2009, Plate 17) Daryaee, Touraj. 2009. Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B. Tauris. London.§REF§ "A number of bridges built during Shapur I's reign had dual utility, meaning that the bridges foundations were constructed in such a manner as to enable collection of water, while the main structure joined the two banks of the river."§REF§(Mahmoudian and Mahmoudian 2012, 95) Angelakis A N, Mays L W, Koutsoyiannis, D. 2012. Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia. IWA Publishing.§REF§ | |
| 240 |
(Seljuk Sultanate) |
Full Year Range of Seljuk Sultanate is assumed. [1037, 1157] |
present |
Malan bridge near Herat. §REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§ Pul-e Malan, near Herat, is a 22-arched bridge constructed by Seljuks 12th CE.§REF§https://www.lonelyplanet.com/afghanistan/herat/attractions/pul-e-malan/a/poi-sig/451141/355747§REF§"Nizam al-Mulk was particularly concerned with the construction and maintenance of trade routes, caravanserais, and bridges".§REF§(Lindsay 2005, 20) Lindsay, James E. 2005. Daily Life in The Medieval Islamic World. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis.§REF§ |