| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 241 |
(Elam - Early Sukkalmah) |
Full Year Range of Elam - Early Sukkalmah is assumed. [-1900, -1701] |
present |
§REF§Hinz 1971, 262§REF§ "Other major administrative achievements of the Elamites included ... the construction and maintenance of numerous public works and enterprises, such as roads, bridges, cities and towns, communication centers, and economic and commercial centers"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§ | |
| 242 |
(Elam - Late Sukkalmah) |
Full Year Range of Elam - Late Sukkalmah is assumed. [-1700, -1500] |
present |
§REF§Hinz 1971, 262§REF§ "Other major administrative achievements of the Elamites included ... the construction and maintenance of numerous public works and enterprises, such as roads, bridges, cities and towns, communication centers, and economic and commercial centers"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§ | |
| 243 |
(Latium - Iron Age) |
Full Year Range of Latium - Iron Age is assumed. [-1000, -580] |
absent |
The first bridge thought to be the Pons Sublicius possibly in built 642 BCE under Ancus Marcius. | |
| 244 |
(Middle Roman Republic) |
Full Year Range of Middle Roman Republic is assumed. [-264, -133] |
present |
The first bridge thought to be the Pons Sublicius possibly in built 642 BCE under Ancus Marcius. In 179 BCE the first stone bridge was constructed. §REF§(Stearns 2001)§REF§ Ponte San Lorenzo at Bulicame, Ponte di Nona in Rome, both 174 BCE. Pons Aemilius 142 BCE. Ponte dell'Abadia near Vulci 90 BCE. "The maximum span of Roman bridges increased from 80 feet (24 meters) in 142 BCE to 115 feet (35 meters) by Augustus' reign (27 BC - 14 CE) and was not exceeded until about 605 CE, by the span of 120 feet (37 meters) of the bridge at Zhao-Zhou in China."§REF§(Gagarin and Fantham 2009, 25)§REF§ | |
| 245 |
(Roman Empire - Principate) |
Full Year Range of Roman Empire - Principate is assumed. [-31, 284] |
present |
"Legionaries' engineering and construction skills were put to use for obviously military purposes (fortifications), but also sometimes for improving infrastructure by building canals or bridges, or in mining and quarrying."§REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 48)§REF§ Via Flaminia crossed Nera River with Ponte d'Augusto, spans from 52-105 feet. Pont-Saint-Martin, east of Aosta, span of 35.6 meters. 104 CE Alcantara bridge, span 28.8 meters, height 62 meters. Puente Romano, Merida, total length 721 meters (not built in one go, sections added over time) §REF§(Gagarin and Fantham 2009, 25)§REF§ Major repair of roads, bridges and harbours under Trajan (98-117 CE). §REF§(Canciello 2005)§REF§. | |
| 246 |
(Republic of Venice III) |
Full Year Range of Republic of Venice III is assumed. [1204, 1563] |
present |
"Each town possessed its own special code, called the Statuto, which the Rectors swore to observe. The Statuto dealt with octroi dues, roads and bridges, wells, lighting, doctors, nurses, fires, guilds, santitary matters, - in short with all the multifarous details of municipal and even of private life."§REF§(? 1902, 263) ?. Chapter VIII. Venice. A W Ward. G W Prothero. Stanley Leathes. eds. 1902. The Cambridge Modern History. Volume I. The Renaissance. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ | |
| 247 |
(Republic of Venice IV) |
Full Year Range of Republic of Venice IV is assumed. [1564, 1797] |
present |
"Each town possessed its own special code, called the Statuto, which the Rectors swore to observe. The Statuto dealt with octroi dues, roads and bridges, wells, lighting, doctors, nurses, fires, guilds, santitary matters, - in short with all the multifarous details of municipal and even of private life."§REF§(? 1902, 263) ?. Chapter VIII. Venice. A W Ward. G W Prothero. Stanley Leathes. eds. 1902. The Cambridge Modern History. Volume I. The Renaissance. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ | |
| 248 |
(Heian) |
Full Year Range of Heian is assumed. [794, 1185] |
present |
'Like their provincial counterparts, the offices were responsible for the entire range of government in their jurisdictions, including the compilation and maintenance of household registers; the collection of taxes; police and judicial matters; the repair and maintenance of canals, ditches, bridges, and quarter walls' §REF§Shively, Donald H. and McCullough, William H. 2008. The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 2: Heian Japan. Cambridge Histories Online Cambridge University Press.p.170§REF§ | |
| 249 |
(Kamakura Shogunate) |
Full Year Range of Kamakura Shogunate is assumed. [1185, 1333] |
present |
‘In 1212, a meeting was held between the regent Yoshitoki, Oe Hiromoto, and monchujo director Miyoshi Yasunobu over the repair of a bridge in Kamakura (AK1212/2/18).’§REF§Mass, Jeffrey P. (ed). 1995.Court and Bakufu in Japan: Essays in Kamakura History. Stanford University Press.p.170§REF§ | |
| 250 |
(Warring States Japan) |
Full Year Range of Warring States Japan is assumed. [1467, 1568] |
unknown |
They existed in previous period, but sources do not say whether they still did at this time. Frequent warfare likely caused major disruptions, so continuity with preceding periods is more difficult to infer. |