| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 251 |
(Tokugawa Shogunate) |
Full Year Range of Tokugawa Shogunate is assumed. [1603, 1868] |
present |
§REF§Henshall, Kenneth (2012) A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. [Third Edition]. p.57.§REF§ In a bid to maintain control and limit potential uprisings ‘the government deliberately refrained from building bridges and otherwise facilitating communications on the main lines of approach to Yedo [Edo;Tokyo]’ enabling them to monitor all access routes to and from the city.§REF§Sansom, George Bailey. 1976. Japan: A Short Cultural History. Barrie & Jenkins [Revised 2nd ed].p.448.§REF§ | |
| 252 |
(Kara-Khanids) |
Full Year Range of Kara-Khanids is assumed. [950, 1212] |
present |
"In the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, baked brick came to be used more widely, especially in major construction projects such as palaces, mosques, madrasas, mausoleums and bridges."§REF§(Davidovich 1997, 149) Davidovich, E A. in Asimov, M S and Bosworth, C E eds. 1997. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume IV. Part I. UNESCO.§REF§ | |
| 253 |
(Monte Alban V) |
Full Year Range of Monte Alban V is assumed. [900, 1520] |
absent |
There is no evidence for bridges in prehispanic Valley of Oaxaca.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§ | |
| 254 |
(Early Formative Basin of Mexico) |
Full Year Range of Early Formative Basin of Mexico is assumed. [-1200, -801] |
unknown |
regional and long-distance trade (crossing rivers) was common,§REF§Grove, David C. (2000) "The Preclassic Societies of the Central Highlands of Mesoamerica." In Richard Adams and Murdo MacLeod (eds.), The Cambridge History of The Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg.122-151.§REF§§REF§Plunket, P., & Uruñuela, G. (2012). Where east meets west: the Formative in Mexico’s central highlands. Journal of Archaeological Research, 20(1), 1-51.§REF§ but no evidence of bridges exists in the limited archaeological record of the Early Formative | |
| 255 |
(Late Formative Basin of Mexico) |
Full Year Range of Late Formative Basin of Mexico is assumed. [-400, -101] |
unknown |
Regional and long-distance trade (crossing rivers) was common,§REF§Grove, David C. (2000) "The Preclassic Societies of the Central Highlands of Mesoamerica." In Richard Adams and Murdo MacLeod (eds.), The Cambridge History of The Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg.122-151.§REF§§REF§Plunket, P., & Uruñuela, G. (2012). Where east meets west: the Formative in Mexico’s central highlands. Journal of Archaeological Research, 20(1), 1-51.§REF§ but no evidence of bridges exists in the limited archaeological record of the Formative | |
| 256 |
(Classical Angkor) |
Full Year Range of Classical Angkor is assumed. [1100, 1220] |
present |
‘Arched remains of the Angkor period bridge, Spean Thma, which went over the Siem Reap River at the main approach to Angkor Thom, the last capital of the Khmer Empire. The original bridge consisted of a total of 14 arches.’§REF§(Engelhardt 1995, p.23)§REF§ '[Jayavarman VII] saw to the construction of many other buildings across his empire, including roads with guesthouses every 9.3 miles (15 km) that linked Angkor with viceregal centers such as Phimai. He built bridges, hospitals, and mausolea for his parents and son.'§REF§(Hingham 2012, p. 186)§REF§ 'The main entrance is on the west. The entire complex is surrounded by a wall on the inner side of the moat. To reach the shrine, one crosses the western moat via a bridge of laterite surfaced with sandstone, leading to a sandstone gate with main entrances for pedestrians and side entrances that would have been accessible by carts and other wheeled vehicles. Since no other major temples were constructed during this period, it seems likely that most of the kingdom’s man- power and other resources were devoted to this single project.'§REF§(Miksic 2007, p. 23)§REF§ 'The principal shrine is located at the eastern end of the square en- closure. To reach the main temple, visitors have to follow an axial pathway in the form of a stone bridge half a kilometer (1,600 feet) in length, reminiscent of the layout of Beijing’s Forbidden City. This pathway is fringed with balustrades in the form of a giant serpent and is flanked by rectangular baray. Branches off the main walkway lead to pools, stone structures called libraries, and other now-vanished structures.'§REF§(Miksic 2007, p. 23)§REF§ | |
| 257 |
(Early Angkor) |
Full Year Range of Early Angkor is assumed. [802, 1100] |
present |
The Phnom Sres (1022 CE) inscription found in the Battambang region makes reference to the construction of reservoirs along roads and a wooden bridge across a river (Jacques 1968:616-617). §REF§(Hendrickson 2007, p. 123)§REF§ | |
| 258 |
(Late Angkor) |
Full Year Range of Late Angkor is assumed. [1220, 1432] |
present |
“Dumarçay (1992: 133-4) argues, using the model of Spean Thma to the east of Angkor Thom (which is constructed from parts of a thirteenth-century temple), that bridges would have been made of wood on a latérite skirt and then replaced with stone during the thirteenth century." §REF§(Hendrickson 2010, 491)§REF§ | |
| 259 |
(Khmer Kingdom) |
Full Year Range of Khmer Kingdom is assumed. [1432, 1594] |
present |
‘Arched remains of the Angkor period bridge, Spean Thma, which went over the Siem Reap River at the main approach to Angkor Thom, the last capital of the Khmer Empire. The original bridge consisted of a total of 14 arches.’§REF§(Engelhardt 1995, p.23)§REF§ '[Jayavarman VII] saw to the construction of many other buildings across his empire, including roads with guesthouses every 9.3 miles (15 km) that linked Angkor with viceregal centers such as Phimai. He built bridges, hospitals, and mausolea for his parents and son.'§REF§(Hingham 2012, p. 186)§REF§ Furthermore, a Dutch account from 1644 informs of the construction of two wooden bridges in just a few days to trap the Dutch ships in the Mekong during hostilities between the two countries. The bridges were made 220 m long and 7.5 m wide. §REF§(Van der Kraan 2009 :52)§REF§ | |
| 260 |
(Funan II) |
Full Year Range of Funan II is assumed. [540, 640] |
present |
Stone bridges date to classical Angkor, but it is likely that bridges were made using wood. As Hendrickson points out: The Phnom Sres (1022 CE) inscription found in the Battambang region makes reference to the construction of reservoirs along roads and a wooden bridge across a river (Jacques 1968:616-617). §REF§(Hendrickson 2007, p. 123)§REF§ |