| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 261 |
(Khitan I) |
Full Year Range of Khitan I is assumed. [907, 1125] |
present |
"In Sheng-tsung's early years (984-9) serious attention was given to building roads and bridges to provide easier passage for carts and to improving the courier system, which was essential to the rapid transmission of orders and information. In 1027 a strip of land thirty double paces wide on either side of official highways was ordered to be kept cleared for security purposes." §REF§(Twitchett, D.C. and K. Tietze. 1994. The Liao. In Franke, H. and D.C. Twitchett (eds) The Cambridge History of China Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368 pp. 43-153. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 95)§REF§ | |
| 262 |
(Mongol Empire) |
Full Year Range of Mongol Empire is assumed. [1206, 1368] |
present |
"To prepare for his arrival, Mas'fid-beg, Arqan-aqa, and other Mongol officials situated along Hule'u's line of march were instructed to prepare. They repaired roads, bridged rivers, and established ferries where there were no bridges. They also had to find and reserve pasturage of the flocks following Hule'u's army." §REF§(Buell 2003, 51)§REF§ | |
| 263 |
(Rouran Khaganate) |
Full Year Range of Rouran Khaganate is assumed. [300, 555] |
unknown |
c500 CE and after: "It may be assumed that by then some of the Juan-juan already lived a settled life and practised agriculture. The original sources repeatedly mention that their khagans obtained ‘seed millet’ from China (some 10,000 shi each time). This shows that the Juan-juan society and state had gradually developed from nomadic herding to a settled agricultural way of life, from yurts to the building of houses and monumental architecture, from the nomadic district to towns. They had invented their own system of writing and developed their own local culture and Buddhist learning flourished." §REF§(Kyzlasov 1996, 317)§REF§ | |
| 264 |
(Early Monte Alban I) |
Full Year Range of Early Monte Alban I is assumed. [-500, -300] |
absent |
Sources do not suggest there is evidence for the construction of bridges during this period.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§ | |
| 265 |
(Monte Alban Late I) |
Full Year Range of Monte Alban Late I is assumed. [-300, -100] |
absent |
Sources do not suggest there is evidence for the construction of bridges during this period.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§ | |
| 266 |
(Monte Alban II) |
Full Year Range of Monte Alban II is assumed. [-100, 200] |
absent |
Sources do not suggest there is evidence for the construction of bridges during this period.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§ | |
| 267 |
(Monte Alban III) |
Full Year Range of Monte Alban III is assumed. [200, 500] |
absent |
Sources do not suggest there is evidence for the construction of bridges during this period.§REF§Marcus and Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How urban society evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Flannery and Marcus (1983) The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Academic Press, New York.§REF§ | |
| 268 |
(Cahokia - Late Woodland II) |
Full Year Range of Cahokia - Late Woodland II is assumed. [450, 600] |
absent |
There were no bridges in prehistoric North America. | |
| 269 |
(Cahokia - Late Woodland I) |
Full Year Range of Cahokia - Late Woodland I is assumed. [300, 450] |
absent |
There were no bridges in prehistoric North America. | |
| 270 |
(Middle Formative Basin of Mexico) |
Full Year Range of Middle Formative Basin of Mexico is assumed. [-800, -401] |
unknown |
regional and long-distance trade (crossing rivers) was common,§REF§Grove, David C. (2000) "The Preclassic Societies of the Central Highlands of Mesoamerica." In Richard Adams and Murdo MacLeod (eds.), The Cambridge History of The Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg.122-151.§REF§§REF§Plunket, P., & Uruñuela, G. (2012). Where east meets west: the Formative in Mexico’s central highlands. Journal of Archaeological Research, 20(1), 1-51.§REF§ but no evidence of bridges exists in the limited archaeological record of the Early Formative |