| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 281 |
(Khwarezmid Empire) |
Full Year Range of Khwarezmid Empire is assumed. [1157, 1231] |
present |
There were bridges throughout the region.§REF§Buniyatov 2015: 53, 116, 127, 138. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SAEVEJFH§REF§ | |
| 282 |
(Sakha - Late) |
Full Year Range of Sakha - Late is assumed. [1632, 1900] |
absent |
The Sakha relied on recently introduced boats and rafts rather than bridges: 'Besides these above mentioned indirect proofs, direct traditions have been preserved among the Yakut which testify to the fact that the Yakut became acquainted with boats, nets, and fishing in general only comparatively recently.' §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research”, 528§REF§ 'Last of all, the Yakut do not have a single name of their own for fishing boats and vessels. Rafts are given the Russian name puluot, or bulot; in general they call boats by the Tungus name ogongcho. Karbas sewn out of boards are called, as in Russian, karbas. They fr ankly ackn owledge that the birch-bark boat is of Tungus origin, calling it tongus or omuk ogongcho. The round-bottomed Russian barge, the dug-out, is called ustrus, while the flat-bottomed vetka is given the most varied names, depending on the locality; in the neighborhood of Olekminsk, in the Yakutsk Okrug, and on the Aldan the Yakut have the same name for it as the Buryat - bat, or they give it the Russian name - betky; on the Boganida it is called toy, on the Vilyuy, Kolyma, and Yana, it is sometimes called tyy, sometimes ty. The Yenisey Ostyak use just this same word ti (ti) with a drawn out i on the end for a boat of medium size, which has the same relation as the Yakut ty on the one side to the birch-bark boat, and on the other side to the karbas (see fig. 34).' §REF§Sieroszewski, Wacław 1993. “Yakut: An Experiment In Ethnographic Research”, 525§REF§ | |
| 283 |
(Umayyad Caliphate) |
Full Year Range of Umayyad Caliphate is assumed. [661, 750] |
present |
Boat bridge over river Nile.§REF§(Raymond 2000, 21)§REF§ "Bridge building and renovation was an essential part of imperial building programs in the Islamic lands ... Many early bridges were decorated with stone plaques that commerated their patron." §REF§'Bridge' in Bloom and Blair, eds. 2009, p.304.§REF§ | |
| 284 |
(Rattanakosin) |
Full Year Range of Rattanakosin is assumed. [1782, 1873] |
present |
Inferred from the fact that bridges existed in Ayutthaya §REF§http://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Geo_Street_BridgesKhaoPluak.html§REF§ and it does not seem like a type of technology that can be easily forgotten. | |
| 285 |
(Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II) |
Full Year Range of Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II is assumed. [-1500, -1400] |
present |
The Citadel Büyükkale at Hattusa was connected to a system of stone viaducts and bridge with the Büyükkaya§REF§Makowski M. (2009) Świat późnej epoki brązu. pp.157 [In:] A. Smogorzewska (ed.) Archeologia starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu, Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii UW, pp. 151-187)§REF§ | |
| 286 |
(Byzantine Empire I) |
Full Year Range of Byzantine Empire I is assumed. [632, 866] |
present |
Preiser-Kapeller says present.§REF§(Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ Bridges.§REF§(Belke 2008, 295-308) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ | |
| 287 |
(Byzantine Empire II) |
Full Year Range of Byzantine Empire II is assumed. [867, 1072] |
present |
Preiser-Kapeller says present.§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ Bridges.§REF§(Belke 2008, 295-308) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ | |
| 288 |
(Byzantine Empire III) |
Full Year Range of Byzantine Empire III is assumed. [1073, 1204] |
present |
Preiser-Kapeller says present.§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015) Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences)§REF§ Bridges.§REF§(Belke 2008, 295-308) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§ | |
| 289 |
(Late Cappadocia) |
Full Year Range of Late Cappadocia is assumed. [-322, -93] |
present |
Pompeius organisation: “The ineffectual Ariobarzanes was restored yet again to the throne of Cappadocia. He retained the Tomisa bridgehead between Melitene and Sophene on the far bank of the Euphrates, given to him by Lucullus, which controlled the route across the Taurus to southern Armenia…” §REF§Sherwin-White, A. N. (1984) Roman Foreign Policy in the Near East, 168 BC to AD 1. London: Duckworth. p226§REF§ | |
| 290 |
(Hatti - Old Kingdom) |
Full Year Range of Hatti - Old Kingdom is assumed. [-1650, -1500] |
present |
The Citadel Büyükkale at Hattusa was connected to a system of stone viaducts and bridge with the Büyükkaya§REF§Makowski M. (2009) Świat późnej epoki brązu. pp.157 [In:] A. Smogorzewska (ed.) Archeologia starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu, Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii UW, pp. 151-187)§REF§ Which period does this refer to? |