| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 291 |
(Ottoman Emirate) |
Full Year Range of Ottoman Emirate is assumed. [1299, 1402] |
present |
Repaired to facilitate movement of army. §REF§(Nicolle 1983, 6)§REF§ | |
| 292 |
(Ottoman Empire III) |
Full Year Range of Ottoman Empire III is assumed. [1683, 1839] |
present |
Bridge building. §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 449)§REF§ | |
| 293 |
(Phrygian Kingdom) |
Full Year Range of Phrygian Kingdom is assumed. [-900, -695] |
present |
Bridges known near the capital city§REF§Voigt, M., R. Henrickson, 2000, “Reviewed Formation of the Phrygian State: The Early Iron Age at Gordion”, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 50, pg:49§REF§. | |
| 294 |
(Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling) |
Full Year Range of Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling is assumed. [1055, 1199] |
absent |
There were no bridges in prehistoric North America. | |
| 295 |
(Early Illinois Confederation) |
Full Year Range of Early Illinois Confederation is assumed. [1640, 1717] |
absent |
Bridge present in 1735 but probably built by the French settlers. "The 1735 map also illustrates a bridge over Riviere du Pont connecting with the road to Falling Springs, where the missionaries had built a water mill." §REF§(Gums et al 1991, 86)§REF§ | |
| 296 |
(Oyo) |
Full Year Range of Oyo is assumed. [1300, 1535] |
unknown |
"Contexts that could shed light on the dynamics of social structure and hierarchies in the metropolis, such as the royal burial site of Oyo monarchs and the residences of the elite population, have not been investigated. The mapping of the palace structures has not been followed by systematic excavations (Soper, 1992); and questions of the economy, military system, and ideology of the empire have not been addressed archaeologically, although their general patterns are known from historical studies (e.g, Johnson, 1921; Law, 1977)."§REF§(Ogundiran 2005: 151-152)§REF§ Regarding this period, however, one of the historical studies mentioned in this quote also notes: "Of the earliestperiod of Oyo history, before the sixteenth century, very little is known."§REF§(Law 1977: 33)§REF§ Law does not then go on to provide specific information directly relevant to this variable. | |
| 297 |
(Alaouite Dynasty I) |
Full Year Range of Alaouite Dynasty I is assumed. [1631, 1727] |
present |
“Mawlây Rashïd built the biggest madrasa (college) in Fez… Among his monumental works he was responsible for the construction of the bridge over the Wâdï Sebû, fifteen kilometres east of Fez.”§REF§(Ogot 1992: 219) Ogot, B. A. 1992. ed., General History of Africa: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century., vol. V, VII vols. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/24QPFDVP§REF§ | |
| 298 |
(Saffarid Caliphate) |
Full Year Range of Saffarid Caliphate is assumed. [861, 1003] |
present |
Bridges were found throughout the region and were maintained and expanded over the polity period.§REF§Frye 2007: 128. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7XE9P8HB§REF§ | |
| 299 |
(Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early) |
Full Year Range of Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early is assumed. [1566, 1713] |
absent |
Morgan describes the system of trails used by the Iroquois, but fails to mention bridges and other more permanent structures: 'The principal villages of the Iroquois, in the days of aboriginal dominion, were connected by well-beaten trails. These villages were so situated that the central trail, which started from the Hudson at the site of Albany, passed through those of the Mohawks and Oneidas; and, crossing the Onondaga valley and the Cayuga country, a few miles north of the chief settlements of these nations, it passed through the most prominent villages of the Senecas, in its route to the valley of the Genesee. After crossing this celebrated valley, it proceeded westward to lake Erie, coming out upon it at the mouth of Buffalo creek, on the present site of Buffalo.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 80§REF§ 'We have thus followed the great Indian trail, Wä-a-gwen[unknown] -ne-yu, through the State, from the Hudson to lake Erie; noticing, as far as ascertained, the principal stopping-places on the route. To convey an adequate impression of the forest scenery, which then overspread the land, is beyond the power of description. This trail was traced through the over-hanging forest for almost its entire length. In the trail itself, there was nothing particularly remarkable. It was usually from twelve to eighteen inches wide, and deeply worn in the ground; varying in this respect from three to six, and even twelve inches, depending upon the firmness of the soil. The large trees on each side were frequently marked with the hatchet. This well-beaten footpath, which no runner, nor band of warriors could mistake, had doubtless been trodden by successive generations from century to century. It had, without question, been handed down from race to race, as the natural line of travel, geographically considered, between the Hudson and lake Erie. While it is scarcely possible to ascertain a more direct route than the one pursued by this trail, the accuracy with which it was traced from point to point, to save distance, is extremely surprising. It proved, on the survey of the country, to have been so judiciously selected that the turnpike was laid out mainly on the line of this trail, from one extremity of the State to the other. In addition to this, all the larger cities and villages west of the Hudson, with one or two exceptions, have been located upon it. As an independent cause, this forest highway of the Iroquois doubtless determined the establishment of a number of settlements, which have since grown up into cities and villages.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 94§REF§ | |
| 300 |
(Dutch Empire) |
Full Year Range of Dutch Empire is assumed. [1648, 1795] |
present |
"Apart from provincial revenue, cities had their own revenue from excise (particularly beer and wine) and from duties levied on their markets, ferries, bridges, roads, and streets."§REF§(t'Hart 1989: 672) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/B9DVQGBS/collection.§REF§ |