| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polity | The Seshat Polity ID |
| Year(s) | The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE] |
| Tag | [Evidenced, Disputed, Suspected, Inferred, Unknown] |
| Verified | A Seshat Expert has approved this piece of data. |
| Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| bridge | The absence or presence of bridge for a polity. |
| # | Polity | Year(s) | Bridge | Description | Edit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 181 |
(Jin) |
Full Year Range of Jin is assumed. [-780, -404] |
present |
"As early as the Shang period, roads were controlled by a special official, and in the Zhou period, traffic had reached such proportions that regulations were introduced for particularly crowded crossroads and reckless driving was prohibited."§REF§(Lindqvist 2009) Lindqvist, Cecilia. 2009. China: Empire of Living Symbols. Da Capo Press.§REF§ Must have been stone or wooden bridges over rivers and streams. | |
| 182 |
(Northern Song) |
Full Year Range of Northern Song is assumed. [960, 1127] |
present |
"Most of the prefectural armies did not receive military training; they were merely involved in wall and road repair, river dike building, bridge construction, transportation, and other types of hard labor."§REF§(Tseng-yü and Wright 2009, 218)§REF§ | |
| 183 |
(Papal States - High Medieval Period) |
Full Year Range of Papal States - High Medieval Period is assumed. [1198, 1309] |
present |
The popes maintained bridges across the Tiber; in other cities, such as Ravenna, the local bishops or secular officials did the same. | |
| 184 |
(Early Qing) |
Full Year Range of Early Qing is assumed. [1644, 1796] |
present |
During the early Qing, the development of Hangzhou involved the digging and dredging of rivers in the city as well as the river outside Zhangyang Gate, the river from Mija Bridge to Guojun Bridge, the river from Jionglong Bridge to Zhongguan Bridge, the river from Houchou Watergate to Guojun Bridge, and up to the river from Pocang Bridge to Gonguandong Bridge. This project led to an expansion of the rivers which had become clean and clear, flowing smoothly, allowing an increase in boat traffic. §REF§(Fu and Cao 2019, p.329)§REF§ | |
| 185 |
(Late Qing) |
Full Year Range of Late Qing is assumed. [1796, 1912] |
present |
e.g. Yongqing Bridge and Santiao Bridge §REF§(Wang 2016, 212, 218)§REF§ The Board of Works was responsible for maintaining all official buildings, granaries, official communication routes, dykes, dams, and irrigation systems. §REF§(Smith 2015, 103)§REF§ | |
| 186 |
(Late Shang) |
Full Year Range of Late Shang is assumed. [-1250, -1045] |
present |
"As early as the Shang period, roads were controlled by a special official"§REF§(Lindqvist 2009) Lindqvist, Cecilia. 2009. China: Empire of Living Symbols. Da Capo Press.§REF§ Must have been at least some small wooden or stone bridges over rivers and streams. | |
| 187 |
(Western Zhou) |
Full Year Range of Western Zhou is assumed. [-1122, -771] |
present |
"As early as the Shang period, roads were controlled by a special official, and in the Zhou period, traffic had reached such proportions that regulations were introduced for particularly crowded crossroads and reckless driving was prohibited."§REF§(Lindqvist 2009) Lindqvist, Cecilia. 2009. China: Empire of Living Symbols. Da Capo Press.§REF§ Must have been stone or wooden bridges over rivers and streams. | |
| 188 |
(Tairona) |
Full Year Range of Tairona is assumed. [1050, 1524] |
present |
"To facilitate the redistribution of products the different regional chiefdoms of the northeast SNSM built an extensive network of paths, bridges, and paved stairs." §REF§(Oyuela-Caycedo 2008, 423)§REF§ SNSM is Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. | |
| 189 |
(Ayyubid Sultanate) |
Full Year Range of Ayyubid Sultanate is assumed. [1171, 1250] |
present |
Communications with al-Maqs were improved by the building of roads in 1177 and the Muski Bridge over the Khalij prior to 1188 CE. §REF§(Raymond 2001, 97)§REF§ A bridge was built between the Rawdah Island and Fustat around 1240 CE.§REF§(Raymond 2001, 101)§REF§ "Saladin put a great deal of investment into roads, bridges and fortified khans."§REF§(Nicolle 2011) Nicolle, D. 2011. Saladin. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ | |
| 190 |
(Egypt - Dynasty I) |
Full Year Range of Egypt - Dynasty I is assumed. [-3100, -2900] |
present |
Earliest reference to small bridge is for the new kingdom. Bridges over wide expanse of water unknown.§REF§(Arnold 2003, 37)§REF§ However, it is highly probable that small bridges were necessary before this time and Egyptians would have been more than capable of building and maintaining them. |