Section: Warfare Variables
Subsection: Military Technologies Fortifications

Modern Fortification

The absence or presence of modern fortifications as a military technology used in warfare. used after the introduction of gunpowder, e.g., trace italienne/starfort.  

Kostis Christakis, Veronica Walker, Samantha Holder, Alicja Piślewska, Daniel Mullins, Artur Butkiewicz, Malwina Brachmanska, William Farrell, Edward A L Turner, PT, Kiran Basava, Marika Michalak, Jill Levine, Cesaretti, Aleksandra Neumannn, Alice Williams, Stephen Dean, Robert Harding, Marika Wałęga, Dan Hoyer, Marta Bartkowiak, Sal Witshire, Agathe Dupeyron, Katheriin Liibert, Giulia Nazzaro, Jedrzej Hordecki, PF, Robert Ross, Thomas Cressy, Rosalind Purcell, Agathe Dupreyon, RC, Agnieszka Marta Duda, Emilia Tomicka, Po-Ju Tuan, Katarzyna Harabasz, Eva Brandl, AP, Jenny Reddish, Natalia Szych, Enrico Cioni, Peter Rudiak-Gould, Alec Vulfson, Lottie Field, Hugh Bennett, Kalin Bullman, Gréine Jordan, Katarzyna Mich.

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition Choices
modern_fortification The absence or presence of modern fortification for a polity. - present
- absent
- unknown
- Transitional (Absent -> Present)
- Transitional (Present -> Absent)

# Polity Year(s) Modern Fortification Description   Edit
221
(Sind - Samma Dynasty)
Full Year Range of Sind - Samma Dynasty is assumed.
[1335, 1521]
unknown
None
222
(Egypt - Kushite Period)
Full Year Range of Egypt - Kushite Period is assumed.
[-747, -656]
absent
None
223
(Umayyad Caliphate)
Full Year Range of Umayyad Caliphate is assumed.
[661, 750]
absent
None
224
(Sarazm)
Full Year Range of Sarazm is assumed.
[-3500, -2000]
absent
None
225
(Fatimid Caliphate)
Full Year Range of Fatimid Caliphate is assumed.
[909, 1171]
absent
None
226
(Byzantine Empire I)
Full Year Range of Byzantine Empire I is assumed.
[632, 866]
absent
None
227
(East Roman Empire)
Full Year Range of East Roman Empire is assumed.
[395, 631]
absent
None
228
(Ottoman Emirate)
Full Year Range of Ottoman Emirate is assumed.
[1299, 1402]
absent
None
229
(Ottoman Empire II)
Full Year Range of Ottoman Empire II is assumed.
[1517, 1683]
unknown
None
230
(Ottoman Empire III)
Full Year Range of Ottoman Empire III is assumed.
[1683, 1839]
present
None
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