Section: Warfare Variables
Subsection: Military Technologies Fortifications

Modern Fortification

The absence or presence of modern fortifications as a military technology used in warfare. used after the introduction of gunpowder, e.g., trace italienne/starfort.  

Kostis Christakis, Veronica Walker, Samantha Holder, Alicja Piślewska, Daniel Mullins, Artur Butkiewicz, Malwina Brachmanska, William Farrell, Edward A L Turner, PT, Kiran Basava, Marika Michalak, Jill Levine, Cesaretti, Aleksandra Neumannn, Alice Williams, Stephen Dean, Robert Harding, Marika Wałęga, Dan Hoyer, Marta Bartkowiak, Sal Witshire, Agathe Dupeyron, Katheriin Liibert, Giulia Nazzaro, Jedrzej Hordecki, PF, Robert Ross, Thomas Cressy, Rosalind Purcell, Agathe Dupreyon, RC, Agnieszka Marta Duda, Emilia Tomicka, Po-Ju Tuan, Katarzyna Harabasz, Eva Brandl, AP, Jenny Reddish, Natalia Szych, Enrico Cioni, Peter Rudiak-Gould, Alec Vulfson, Lottie Field, Hugh Bennett, Kalin Bullman, Gréine Jordan, Katarzyna Mich.

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition Choices
modern_fortification The absence or presence of modern fortification for a polity. - present
- absent
- unknown
- Transitional (Absent -> Present)
- Transitional (Present -> Absent)

# Polity Year(s) Modern Fortification Description   Edit
151
(Susiana - Late Ubaid)
Full Year Range of Susiana - Late Ubaid is assumed.
[-4700, -4300]
absent
None
152
(Susiana - Early Ubaid)
Full Year Range of Susiana - Early Ubaid is assumed.
[-5100, -4700]
absent
None
153
(Elam - Shimashki Period)
Full Year Range of Elam - Shimashki Period is assumed.
[-2028, -1940]
absent
None
154
(Elam - Early Sukkalmah)
Full Year Range of Elam - Early Sukkalmah is assumed.
[-1900, -1701]
absent
None
155
(Elam - Late Sukkalmah)
Full Year Range of Elam - Late Sukkalmah is assumed.
[-1700, -1500]
absent
None
156
(Latium - Bronze Age)
Full Year Range of Latium - Bronze Age is assumed.
[-1800, -900]
absent
None
157
(Latium - Copper Age)
Full Year Range of Latium - Copper Age is assumed.
[-3600, -1800]
absent
None
158
(Latium - Iron Age)
Full Year Range of Latium - Iron Age is assumed.
[-1000, -580]
absent
None
159
(Ostrogothic Kingdom)
Full Year Range of Ostrogothic Kingdom is assumed.
[489, 554]
absent
None
160
(Geometric Crete)
Full Year Range of Geometric Crete is assumed.
[-1000, -710]
absent
None
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