Gov Res Prop Own For Rel Grp List
A viewset for viewing and editing Government Restrictions on Property Ownership for Adherents of and Religious Groups.
GET /api/rt/government-restrictions-on-property-ownership-for-adherents-of-and-religious-groups/?page=2
{ "count": 296, "next": "https://seshatdata.com/api/rt/government-restrictions-on-property-ownership-for-adherents-of-and-religious-groups/?page=3", "previous": "https://seshatdata.com/api/rt/government-restrictions-on-property-ownership-for-adherents-of-and-religious-groups/", "results": [ { "id": 74, "year_from": 1100, "year_to": 1656, "description": "Inferred from the relatively open attitude towards Christianity. “why, despite its alien character, the leading men of Allada and Whydah, or at least some of them, showed such a persistent interest in the new religion. It must be stressed that on several occasions the inititative in bringing missions to the Slave Coast came from local rulers rather than from the Europeans: thus it was the king of Allada who invited the missionaries there in 1657 and in 1670, as did the Whydah authorities in 1681, 1692, and 1703.” §REF§ (Law 1991: 62) Law, Robin, 1991. Religion, trade and politics on the 'slave coast': Roman Catholic Missions in Allada and Whydah in the Seventeenth Century. Journal of Religion in Africa/Religion en Afrique. 21, pp. 42-77. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CZP6AQ6H\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CZP6AQ6H </b></a> §REF§ “As already noted, the French party in 1670 was approached by Portuguese-speaking Christians in Allada, with requests for rosaries and priests to say mass. The king of Allada who welcomed the French in 1670 (named as \"Tezifon\", representing probably the name De [King] Zekpon), seems to have been a different man from the one who had dealt with the Spanish mission ten years earlier\", but he was also thought to be sympathetic to Christianity, having been educated (many years earlier) in a Portuguese monastery on Sao Tome. […] Interestingly, the king of Allada did not on this occasion suggest that he himself wished to be baptised, but requested priests for the existing Christian community in Allada, \"for the instruction of the great number of his subjects who have some smattering of Christianity, and who wish passionately to perfect their knowledge of the religion” §REF§ (Law 1991: 49-50) Law, Robin, 1991. Religion, trade and politics on the 'slave coast': Roman Catholic Missions in Allada and Whydah in the Seventeenth Century. Journal of Religion in Africa/Religion en Afrique. 21, pp. 42-77. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CZP6AQ6H\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CZP6AQ6H </b></a> §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "unknown", "polity": { "id": 659, "name": "ni_allada_k", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1724, "long_name": "Allada", "new_name": "ni_allada_k", "polity_tag": "POL_AFR_WEST", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 7, "name": "West Africa", "subregions_list": "From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 89, "year_from": 1140, "year_to": 1503, "description": "‘‘‘ The following quote suggests a general attitude of tolerance on the ruler's part towards the polity's small Christian community. “Duarte Pires posits that Oba Esigie later found a genuine interest in Christianity hence he ordered his son and two of his nobles to become Christians and to be baptized (Bradbury, 1967). It is also on the strength of this that he instructed the missionaries to build churches at Ogbelaka, Idunmwerie, and Akpakpava during his reign.” §REF§ (Aremu and Ediagbonya 2018: 85-86) Johnson Olaosebikan Aremu; Michael Ediagbonya(2018). “Trade and Religion in British-Benin Relations, 1553-1897”, Global Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 4(2), pp.78-90. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BZ3FI3NU\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: BZ3FI3NU </b></a> §REF§ “In 1514 oba Esiegie sent a delegation to Portugal […] asking for a Christian mission and firearms. What Benin needed from the Portuguese was, above all, firearms. King Manuel I was, however, reluctant to sell weapons to pagans. […] Actually the oba was far less interested in Christianity than he was in obtaining firearms, and though he learned to speak Portuguese, permitted the establishment of a Christian mission, and allowed his son Orhogba and some officials to be baptized, he did not accept baptism himself.” §REF§ (Sandomirsky 2013: 134) Sandomirsky, Natalie, 2013. “Benin, Empire: Oba Awuare, Trade with the Portuguese”, in Shillington, Kevin (ed.), Encyclopedia of African History 3 (London: Taylor and Francis), pp. 133-134. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8WV9FCMD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8WV9FCMD </b></a> §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "unknown", "polity": { "id": 672, "name": "ni_benin_emp", "start_year": 1140, "end_year": 1897, "long_name": "Benin Empire", "new_name": "ni_benin_emp", "polity_tag": "POL_AFR_WEST", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 7, "name": "West Africa", "subregions_list": "From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 173, "year_from": 1270, "year_to": 1412, "description": "\"Until the reign of Yeshaq, which commenced in 1413, the ayhud of the Lake Tana region appear to have been of only peripheral concern to the Solomonic kings. Neither Amda Seyon nor Dawit intervened personally to quash their rebellions, nor was the defeated population treated with special severity. Amda Seyon, for example, dealt far more harshly with the challenges to his authority in Tigre province, and appears to have been more concerned with dissident Christians than with the ayhud. Neither of their defeats resulted in either the confiscation of land nor a widespread dispersal of the people. Yeshaq, in contrast, moved ruthlessly against the rebel ayhud by personally leading the expedition against them and, following his victory, imposing Christianity upon them. [...] For the first time, a group of Beta Israel were deprived of the right to own land. Yeshaq is said to have decreed, \"He who is baptized in the Christian religion, may inherit the land of his father; otherwise let him be a Falasi\" While the immediate impact and universality of this decree should not be exaggerated, there appears to be little question that Yeshaq's victory over the Bet-Ajer marked the beginning of the disenfranchisement of the ayhud and the gradual transformation of their status and identity.\" §REF§(Kaplan 1992: 56-58) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PT9MJQBE\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: PT9MJQBE </b></a>§REF§ \"Falasha/Fälasi (ፈላሲ): The exact origin of the word or when it was used for the first time to designate the Beta Israel is not known with certainty. The translation of the word can be “landless person, an exile, stranger, monk, or ascetic”. A decree of unclear date, but allegedly issued by the fifteenth-century King Yəsḥaq, states: “He who is baptized in the Christian religion may inherit the land of his father, otherwise let him be a Fälasi” (Taddesse Tamrat 1972, 201).\" §REF§(Dege-Müller 2018: 261) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8J6P8FCQ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8J6P8FCQ </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 234, "name": "EtEthiK", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1500, "long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom", "new_name": "et_ethiopian_k", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 2, "name": "East Africa", "subregions_list": "Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda, So Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 293, "year_from": 1328, "year_to": 1360, "description": "\"This goes back a forth over the period as various French kings expel and then welcome back the Jewish community to the kingdom.\"§REF§(Susan Broomhall, 2023, pers. comm.)§REF§\r\n\r\nThe following quote evidences the lack of ability on behalf of the Jews to own property previous to royal privileges being granted. “In 1355 King John II of France granted royal privileges to Jews in order to allow them to acquire and possess houses and residences, and exempted them from special taxes. In 1361 he extended these privileges throughout his realm to attract Jewish immigration.\" §REF§Cohn, S.K. Jnr. 2007. The Black Death and the Burning of the Jews, Past & Present, Aug. 2007,\r\nNo.196, pp. 3-36. Oxford:Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtm005.. Pgs 26, 27. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/QMN8793A/items/RTITKPW6/collection §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": true, "created_date": "2024-02-15T11:45:16.210037Z", "modified_date": "2024-02-15T11:45:16.210051Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": true, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Gov_res_prop_own_for_rel_grp", "coded_value": "present", "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "FrValoE", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450, "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "new_name": "fr_valois_k_1", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The French crown passed to the Valois Dynasty in 1328 after a succession crisis within the ruling Capetian family, and the Valois reigned over the French kingdom until 1589 CE. Here we focus on the early Valois period, 1328-1450 CE, which was marked by the Hundred Years' War and the economic and human devastation caused by the Black Death. By the mid-15th century, the beginnings of a more modern bureaucracy had developed under Charles VII.<br>In this period, the territory of the Kingdom of France was considerably smaller than that of modern France. §REF§ (Knecht 2004, 2) Knecht, Robert J. 2004. The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. London: Hambledon and London. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI</a>. §REF§ The kingdom covered 390,000 square kilometres in 1350 and 340,000 square kilometres in 1450. §REF§ (Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113) Turchin, Peter and Sergey Nefedov. 2009. Secular Cycles. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH</a>. §REF§ <br>In response to the decline in population and production during the Black Death in the mid-fourteenth century, the crown instituted harsh financial reforms and higher taxes. This led to revolts by peasants and in urban areas. §REF§ (Haine 2000, 44) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ At the same time, the Valois faced the English Plantagenet dynasty in the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453 CE). The French suffered major defeats at Bruges (1340 CE) and Agincourt (1415 CE). Historian of France W. Scott Haine notes that, “In the darkest days of this war France’s very existence seemed in question.” §REF§ (Haine 2000, 44) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ In 1439 CE, inspired by the actions of peasant leader Joan of Arc, Charles VII of France instituted a professional standing army. §REF§ (Haine 2000, 45) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ Charles VII conquered Normandy and Aquitaine by 1453 CE, and England only maintained control over Calais.<br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>We have estimated the population of the French Kingdom as 12 million in 1350 CE using data from Turchin and Nefedov’s <i>Secular Cycles.</i> §REF§ (Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113) Turchin, Peter and Sergey Nefedov. 2009. Secular Cycles. Princeton: Princeton, University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH/</a> §REF§ The population declined drastically during the Black Plague in the mid-fourteenth century. §REF§ (Knecth 2004, 2) Knecht. Robert. 2004. The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. London: Hambledon Continuum. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI</a> §REF§ An estimated one-third of population died in the plague by 1400 CE. §REF§ (Haine 2000, 44) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ In 1450 CE, the population was only 9 million. §REF§ (Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113) Turchin, Peter and Sergey Nefedov. 2009. Secular Cycles. Princeton: Princeton, University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH/</a> §REF§ <br>The king and royal lineage dominated French political society. Others were divided into estates: the clergy, the nobles, and the common people. §REF§ (Knecth 2004, 8) Knecht. Robert. 2004. The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. London: Hambledon Continuum. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI</a> §REF§ During the time of the Valois there were 40,000 noble families in France- nobility was either inherited or bestowed by the king. §REF§ (Knecth 2004, 8) Knecht. Robert. 2004. The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. London: Hambledon Continuum. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI</a> §REF§ Charles VII (1422-1461 CE) began the process to modernize the crown- instituting reforms to change the government from feudal to bureaucratic. This was continued by Late Valois ruler Louis XI (1461-1483 CE). §REF§ (Haine 2000, 46) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ ", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 2, "name": "Paris Basin", "subregion": "Western Europe", "longitude": "2.312458000000", "latitude": "48.866111000000", "capital_city": "Paris", "nga_code": "FR", "fao_country": "France", "world_region": "Europe" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 20, "name": "Western Europe", "subregions_list": "British Isles, France, Low Countries", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 294, "year_from": 1361, "year_to": 1450, "description": "\"This goes back a forth over the period as various French kings expel and then welcome back the Jewish community to the kingdom.\"§REF§(Susan Broomhall, 2023, pers. comm.)§REF§\r\n\r\nThe following quote evidences the lack of ability on behalf of the Jews to own property previous to royal privileges being granted. “In 1355 King John II of France granted royal privileges to Jews in order to allow them to acquire and possess houses and residences, and exempted them from special taxes. In 1361 he extended these privileges throughout his realm to attract Jewish immigration.\" §REF§Cohn, S.K. Jnr. 2007. The Black Death and the Burning of the Jews, Past & Present, Aug. 2007,\r\nNo.196, pp. 3-36. Oxford:Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtm005.. Pgs 26, 27. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/QMN8793A/items/RTITKPW6/collection §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": true, "created_date": "2024-02-15T11:45:49.037848Z", "modified_date": "2024-02-15T11:45:49.037862Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": true, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Gov_res_prop_own_for_rel_grp", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "FrValoE", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450, "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "new_name": "fr_valois_k_1", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The French crown passed to the Valois Dynasty in 1328 after a succession crisis within the ruling Capetian family, and the Valois reigned over the French kingdom until 1589 CE. Here we focus on the early Valois period, 1328-1450 CE, which was marked by the Hundred Years' War and the economic and human devastation caused by the Black Death. By the mid-15th century, the beginnings of a more modern bureaucracy had developed under Charles VII.<br>In this period, the territory of the Kingdom of France was considerably smaller than that of modern France. §REF§ (Knecht 2004, 2) Knecht, Robert J. 2004. The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. London: Hambledon and London. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI</a>. §REF§ The kingdom covered 390,000 square kilometres in 1350 and 340,000 square kilometres in 1450. §REF§ (Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113) Turchin, Peter and Sergey Nefedov. 2009. Secular Cycles. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH</a>. §REF§ <br>In response to the decline in population and production during the Black Death in the mid-fourteenth century, the crown instituted harsh financial reforms and higher taxes. This led to revolts by peasants and in urban areas. §REF§ (Haine 2000, 44) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ At the same time, the Valois faced the English Plantagenet dynasty in the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453 CE). The French suffered major defeats at Bruges (1340 CE) and Agincourt (1415 CE). Historian of France W. Scott Haine notes that, “In the darkest days of this war France’s very existence seemed in question.” §REF§ (Haine 2000, 44) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ In 1439 CE, inspired by the actions of peasant leader Joan of Arc, Charles VII of France instituted a professional standing army. §REF§ (Haine 2000, 45) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ Charles VII conquered Normandy and Aquitaine by 1453 CE, and England only maintained control over Calais.<br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>We have estimated the population of the French Kingdom as 12 million in 1350 CE using data from Turchin and Nefedov’s <i>Secular Cycles.</i> §REF§ (Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113) Turchin, Peter and Sergey Nefedov. 2009. Secular Cycles. Princeton: Princeton, University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH/</a> §REF§ The population declined drastically during the Black Plague in the mid-fourteenth century. §REF§ (Knecth 2004, 2) Knecht. Robert. 2004. The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. London: Hambledon Continuum. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI</a> §REF§ An estimated one-third of population died in the plague by 1400 CE. §REF§ (Haine 2000, 44) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ In 1450 CE, the population was only 9 million. §REF§ (Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 113) Turchin, Peter and Sergey Nefedov. 2009. Secular Cycles. Princeton: Princeton, University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7MDE5MUH/</a> §REF§ <br>The king and royal lineage dominated French political society. Others were divided into estates: the clergy, the nobles, and the common people. §REF§ (Knecth 2004, 8) Knecht. Robert. 2004. The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. London: Hambledon Continuum. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI</a> §REF§ During the time of the Valois there were 40,000 noble families in France- nobility was either inherited or bestowed by the king. §REF§ (Knecth 2004, 8) Knecht. Robert. 2004. The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. London: Hambledon Continuum. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/JBFZ35AI</a> §REF§ Charles VII (1422-1461 CE) began the process to modernize the crown- instituting reforms to change the government from feudal to bureaucratic. This was continued by Late Valois ruler Louis XI (1461-1483 CE). §REF§ (Haine 2000, 46) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ ", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 2, "name": "Paris Basin", "subregion": "Western Europe", "longitude": "2.312458000000", "latitude": "48.866111000000", "capital_city": "Paris", "nga_code": "FR", "fao_country": "France", "world_region": "Europe" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 20, "name": "Western Europe", "subregions_list": "British Isles, France, Low Countries", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 174, "year_from": 1413, "year_to": 1620, "description": "\"Until the reign of Yeshaq, which commenced in 1413, the ayhud of the Lake Tana region appear to have been of only peripheral concern to the Solomonic kings. Neither Amda Seyon nor Dawit intervened personally to quash their rebellions, nor was the defeated population treated with special severity. Amda Seyon, for example, dealt far more harshly with the challenges to his authority in Tigre province, and appears to have been more concerned with dissident Christians than with the ayhud. Neither of their defeats resulted in either the confiscation of land nor a widespread dispersal of the people. Yeshaq, in contrast, moved ruthlessly against the rebel ayhud by personally leading the expedition against them and, following his victory, imposing Christianity upon them. [...] For the first time, a group of Beta Israel were deprived of the right to own land. Yeshaq is said to have decreed, \"He who is baptized in the Christian religion, may inherit the land of his father; otherwise let him be a Falasi\" While the immediate impact and universality of this decree should not be exaggerated, there appears to be little question that Yeshaq's victory over the Bet-Ajer marked the beginning of the disenfranchisement of the ayhud and the gradual transformation of their status and identity.\" §REF§(Kaplan 1992: 56-58) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PT9MJQBE\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: PT9MJQBE </b></a>§REF§ \"Falasha/Fälasi (ፈላሲ): The exact origin of the word or when it was used for the first time to designate the Beta Israel is not known with certainty. The translation of the word can be “landless person, an exile, stranger, monk, or ascetic”. A decree of unclear date, but allegedly issued by the fifteenth-century King Yəsḥaq, states: “He who is baptized in the Christian religion may inherit the land of his father, otherwise let him be a Fälasi” (Taddesse Tamrat 1972, 201).\" §REF§(Dege-Müller 2018: 261) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8J6P8FCQ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8J6P8FCQ </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "present", "polity": { "id": 234, "name": "EtEthiK", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1500, "long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom", "new_name": "et_ethiopian_k", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 2, "name": "East Africa", "subregions_list": "Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda, So Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 233, "year_from": 1450, "year_to": 1534, "description": "‘‘‘ Note that even the most permissive edicts issued at the time of the Wars of Religion still restricted Protestant activity to specific geographic locations. “The Parlement of Paris issued orders in January of 1535 offering rewards for those who denounced heretics and punishments for concealment. [...] The edict issued at Coucy in July 1535 extended the death penalty to the propagation of heresy by any means.” §REF§ Potter, D. 1995. A History of France, 1460 - 1560 - The Emergence of a Nation State. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. pg 247. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R2DCE4F2\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: R2DCE4F2 </b></a> §REF§ “The Guises' worst fears came to pass in January 1562 when Catherine issued the Edict of Saint-Germain proclaiming the limited but legal recognition of the Huguenots. Usually referred to as the 'Edict of January' or the 'edict of toleration', this edict was the first public and formal recognition that the French crown had ever given the Huguenots to practise their religion without interference. [...] It was a very narrow and limited recognition of the Protestants' right to exist, however, forbidding them to practise or worship inside all towns, to assemble anywhere at night, and to raise arms. […] The peace edict signed at St-Germain on 8 August 1570 reflected the revived Huguenot strength at the end of the third civil war. [...] Besides repeating the religious privileges for the nobility that were included in the two earlier edicts, this edict allowed the open worship of Protestantism inside two towns in each of the twelve gouvernements (the largest administrative districts of the kingdom), granting the open worship of Protestantism inside towns for the first time. […] Finally, the edict made an effort to reintegrate the two cultures of Protestants and Catholics, or at least provided the framework to do so by requiring the recognition of a number of basic civil rights that Huguenots had been repeatedly denied: equality in taxation, the right to hold offices, in short, equality before the law. Moreover, all property and offices seized from Protestants since the outbreak of the civil wars, which was considerable in many parts of France, was to be restored. […] [T]he Peace of La Rochelle signed on 2 July 1573[...] eliminate[d] many of the privileges and guarantees the Protestants had been granted three years before. [...] In effect, the new terms allowed the Huguenots freedom of conscience in theory, but in practice Protestant worship was only allowed in the private homes of the reformed in three towns: La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nimes. It was not allowed in public even there, and elsewhere in the kingdom Protestant worship was forbidden entirely. […] The fifth war of religion was [...] brought to a close by the Edict of Beaulieu on 6 May 1576. […] For the first time in the religious wars, French Protestants were accorded the right of 'a free, public, and general exercise of religion' everywhere in France outside Paris. Thus, for the first time the Huguenots were allowed not only to worship openly and publicly anywhere in France save the capital, they could also build Protestant churches anywhere outside the capital (article 4). The chambres mi-parties were to be created in all the sovereign courts in order to prevent discrimination in cases involving litigants of different religions (articles 18-21 and 45). […] The [...] Treaty of Nemours in July 1585 has been traditionally depicted as a capitulation and submission to the League. [...]The treaty revoked all the former edicts of pacification, and the practice of the 'so-called reformed religion' was forbidden everywhere in the kingdom. Pastors were to be banished and all Protestants were forced to abjure within six months or be exiled.\" §REF§ Holt, M.P. 2005. The French Wars of Religion, 1562 - 1629. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pgs47- 124. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BRM4FZCX\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: BRM4FZCX </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "FrValoL", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589, "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "new_name": "fr_valois_k_2", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Late Valois (Valois dynasty) represent the last century of Valois rule over the French Kingdom from 1450-1589 CE. The period was greatly impacted by the French Renaissance, external war against the Italians and Habsburgs, and the internal Wars of Religion. First Late Valois king Louis XI (1461-1483 CE) continued to modernize the royal government, and implemented the first royal postal service. §REF§ (Haine 2000, 46) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ The French Renaissance hit its cultural peak during the rule of Frances I (1515-1547 CE) and Henry II (1547-1559 CE). Artists and scholars traveled from Italy to France, and had an immense impact on architecture, culture, and art. Urban life was transformed by Renaissance culture and the printing press. §REF§ (Haine 2000, 47) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ <br>Calais was returned to France from England, and Burgundy, Dauphiné, Provence, and the Three Bishoprics in Lorraine were secured in this period. §REF§ (Jones 1999, 130) Jones, Colin. 1999. The Cambridge Illustrated History of France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6</a> §REF§ §REF§ (Haine 2000, 46) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ The territory of the Kingdom of France was between 400,000 and 500,000 square meters during the rule of the Late Valois. §REF§ (Potter, 1995, 4) Potter, D. 1995. A History of France, 1460-1560. The Emergence of a Nation State. Macmillan. London. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DVCUX6RX\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DVCUX6RX</a> §REF§ Outside of Europe, explorer Jacques Cartier paved the way for future French colonies in Canada, and French explorers and merchants began to exploit the west African coast. §REF§ (Haine 2000, 48) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ <br>The Valois fought the Italian Wars from 1494-1559 CE over the French crown’s claim on the kingdom of Naples. In 1519 CE, Charles V of the Spanish Habsburgs became the Holy Roman Emperor. The wars in Italy were the start of a lasting rivalry between the Habsburgs and Valois. In 1559 CE, France gave up all claims in Italy. §REF§ (Jones 1999, 130) Jones, Colin. 1999. The Cambridge Illustrated History of France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6</a> §REF§ The last Valois kings were weakened by the Wars of Religion (Huguenot Wars) (1562-1598 CE), between the Roman Catholics and Reformed Protestants. 3 million people died in the conflict or from famine or disease during the war. §REF§ (Knetcht 2002, 91) Knecht, Robert J. 2002. The French Religious Wars 1562-1598. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6</a> §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>Early Valois king Charles VII's work to modernize the French government was continued by Louis XI. The royal council became less feudal and more bureaucratic, the king was advised by professional lawyers rather than feudal vassals, and the financial and judicial functions of government were separated. §REF§ (Jones 1999, 123) Jones, Colin. 1999. The Cambridge Illustrated History of France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6</a> §REF§ §REF§ (Haine 2000, 46) Haine, W. Scott. 2000. The History of France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/9RS462P7</a> §REF§ <br>The disasters of the late 14th and 15th century had decimated the population of many cities and towns in France. The nation recovered by the late 15th century. §REF§ (Jones 1999, 130) Jones, Colin. 1999. The Cambridge Illustrated History of France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7QCEQCM6</a> §REF§ The population of the Kingdom of France during the recovery period in 1470 CE is estimated to be between 10 million and 12 million. §REF§ (Potter, 1995, 170) Potter, D. 1995. A History of France, 1460-1560. The Emergence of a Nation State. Macmillan. London. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DVCUX6RX\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DVCUX6RX</a> §REF§ In 1560 CE, the population reached 20 million. §REF§ (Potter, 1995, 8) Potter, D. 1995. A History of France, 1460-1560. The Emergence of a Nation State. Macmillan. London. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DVCUX6RX\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/DVCUX6RX</a> §REF§ ", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 2, "name": "Paris Basin", "subregion": "Western Europe", "longitude": "2.312458000000", "latitude": "48.866111000000", "capital_city": "Paris", "nga_code": "FR", "fao_country": "France", "world_region": "Europe" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 20, "name": "Western Europe", "subregions_list": "British Isles, France, Low Countries", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 71, "year_from": 1495, "year_to": 1497, "description": "‘‘‘ The following quote implies that Jews were allowed to own property before October 1497, but that they were not afterwards (of course, after 1497 neither they nor Muslims were allowed to live in Portugal, rendering this variable somewhat moot). \"[O]n 31 October 1497, Manuel ordered the expulsion, on pain of death, of all Jews and Muslims from his kingdom. [...] Of course, Manuel and his council were aware of the damage a Jewish exodus could inflict on the Portuguese economy and therefore made every effort to convert the Jews instead. All Jewish children under the age of fourteen were ordered to be forcibly baptised. Many reluctant adults were treated similarly, and the departure of the rest was so hindered that eventually all but a few were Christianised and therefore remained. [...] Former Jews were guaranteed their property.\" §REF§(Disney 2009a: 153-154) Disney, A. R. 2009a. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire from Beginnings to 1807. Volume 1, Portugal. Cambridge University Press: 143. <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: TKKDT5CZ </b></a>.§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579, "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "new_name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2023-10-25T13:49:59.636980Z", "modified_date": "2024-04-10T08:42:10.711578Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 18, "name": "Southern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iberia, Italy", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 72, "year_from": 1498, "year_to": 1579, "description": "‘‘‘ The following quote implies that Jews were allowed to own property before October 1497, but that they were not afterwards (of course, after 1497 neither they nor Muslims were allowed to live in Portugal, rendering this variable somewhat moot). \"[O]n 31 October 1497, Manuel ordered the expulsion, on pain of death, of all Jews and Muslims from his kingdom. [...] Of course, Manuel and his council were aware of the damage a Jewish exodus could inflict on the Portuguese economy and therefore made every effort to convert the Jews instead. All Jewish children under the age of fourteen were ordered to be forcibly baptised. Many reluctant adults were treated similarly, and the departure of the rest was so hindered that eventually all but a few were Christianised and therefore remained. [...] Former Jews were guaranteed their property.\" §REF§(Disney 2009a: 153-154) Disney, A. R. 2009a. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire from Beginnings to 1807. Volume 1, Portugal. Cambridge University Press: 143. <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: TKKDT5CZ </b></a>.§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "present", "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579, "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "new_name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2023-10-25T13:49:59.636980Z", "modified_date": "2024-04-10T08:42:10.711578Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 18, "name": "Southern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iberia, Italy", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 62, "year_from": 1500, "year_to": 1789, "description": "“It was towards the final phase of this era of conquest [1610-1790] that Kwararafan history began to merge into Jukun history. Now situated in the Benue Valley, Kwararafan began to experience waves of Jukun migrations, and the Jukun before long became the dominant group in the region.” §REF§ (Afolayan 2005: 247-248) Afolayan, Funso, 2005. “Benue Valley Peoples: Jukun and Kwararafa”, in Shillington, K., ed. Encyclopedia of African History (1st Ed., Vol. 1–3). (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn), pp.247-248. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZGGEJWF9\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: ZGGEJWF9 </b></a> §REF§ The following quote suggests general tolerance, and point to the existence of \"innumerable\" religious cults. Note, however, that the following quote also refers to the succeeding polity: nevertheless, it is probably relevant to the latter phase of this polity as well. “The Jukun inherited the political power of Kwararafa, but not its martial tradition. The far-flung confederacy had become the homogenous Jukun kingdom of Wukari. Kwararafa under the Jukun ceased to be a warrior state; extant accounts portray the new state as a pacifist and religious one, made up of a collection of unwarlike people solely and strictly devoted to the maintenance of their innumerable religious cults and the veneration of their sacred kings, a people whose prestige and continuing legitimacy depended on their successful performance of their main ritual function, which was to guarantee good harvest and good health for the people.” §REF§ Shillington, K., ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of African History (1st Ed., Vol. 1–3). Fitzroy Dearborn: 248. <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AWA9ZT5B\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: AWA9ZT5B </b></a> §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Government restrictions on property ownership for adherents of any religious group", "coded_value": "unknown", "polity": { "id": 658, "name": "ni_kwararafa", "start_year": 596, "end_year": 1820, "long_name": "Kwararafa", "new_name": "ni_kwararafa", "polity_tag": "POL_AFR_WEST", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 7, "name": "West Africa", "subregions_list": "From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] } ] }