Section: Warfare Variables
Subsection: Military Technologies Fortifications

Complex Fortification

The absence or presence of complex fortifications as a military technology used in warfare. when there are two or more concentric walls. so simply a wall and a donjon, for example, is not enough.  

Kostis Christakis, Veronica Walker, Samantha Holder, Alicja Piślewska, Daniel Mullins, Artur Butkiewicz, Malwina Brachmanska, William Farrell, Edward A L Turner, PT, Kiran Basava, Marika Michalak, Jill Levine, Cesaretti, Aleksandra Neumannn, Alice Williams, Stephen Dean, Robert Harding, Marika Wałęga, Dan Hoyer, Marta Bartkowiak, Sal Witshire, Agathe Dupeyron, Katheriin Liibert, Giulia Nazzaro, Jedrzej Hordecki, PF, Robert Ross, Thomas Cressy, Rosalind Purcell, Agathe Dupreyon, RC, Agnieszka Marta Duda, Emilia Tomicka, Po-Ju Tuan, Katarzyna Harabasz, Eva Brandl, AP, Jenny Reddish, Natalia Szych, Enrico Cioni, Peter Rudiak-Gould, Alec Vulfson, Lottie Field, Hugh Bennett, Kalin Bullman, Gréine Jordan, Katarzyna Mich.

Variable Definition
Polity The Seshat Polity Name
Year(s) The years for which we have the data. [negative = BCE]
Confidence Inferred : The value is inferred.
Suspected : The value is suspected (Expert Check Needed).
Evidenced : The value is backed up by sufficient evidence.
Disputed? No : No disagreement among scholars.
Yes : There is disagreement among scholars.
Expert? : Not yet Checked by a Seshat Expert.
: Checked and accepted by a Seshat Expert (or RA).

Variable Definition Choices
complex_fortification The absence or presence of complex fortification for a polity. - present
- absent
- unknown
- Transitional (Absent -> Present)
- Transitional (Present -> Absent)

# Polity Year(s) Complex Fortification Description   Edit
91
(Susiana - Late Ubaid)
Full Year Range of Susiana - Late Ubaid is assumed.
[-4700, -4300]
absent
None
92
(Susiana - Early Ubaid)
Full Year Range of Susiana - Early Ubaid is assumed.
[-5100, -4700]
absent
None
93
(Elam II)
Full Year Range of Elam II is assumed.
[-743, -647]
unknown
None
94
(Pre-Ceramic Period)
Full Year Range of Pre-Ceramic Period is assumed.
[-7800, -7200]
absent
None
95
(Sasanid Empire II)
Full Year Range of Sasanid Empire II is assumed.
[488, 642]
present
None
96
(Latium - Bronze Age)
Full Year Range of Latium - Bronze Age is assumed.
[-1800, -900]
absent
None
97
(Papal States - Medieval Period II)
Full Year Range of Papal States - Medieval Period II is assumed.
[1648, 1809]
present
None
98
(Papal States - Renaissance Period)
Full Year Range of Papal States - Renaissance Period is assumed.
[1378, 1527]
present
None
99
(Exarchate of Ravenna)
Full Year Range of Exarchate of Ravenna is assumed.
[568, 751]
unknown
None
100
(Naqada I)
Full Year Range of Naqada I is assumed.
[-3800, -3550]
absent
None
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