Gov Obl Rel Grp Ofc Reco List
A viewset for viewing and editing Governmental Obligations for Religious Groups to Apply for Official Recognitions.
GET /api/rt/governmental-obligations-for-religious-groups-to-apply-for-official-recognitions/?ordering=modified_date&page=25
{ "count": 247, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshatdata.com/api/rt/governmental-obligations-for-religious-groups-to-apply-for-official-recognitions/?ordering=modified_date&page=24", "results": [ { "id": 1, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": null, "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Governmental obligations for religious groups to apply for official recognition", "coded_value": "unknown", "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "InDecIA", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300, "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "new_name": "in_deccan_ia", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The South Indian Iron Age lasted, roughly, from 1200 to 300 BCE. §REF§ (Johansen 2014, 59) Peter G. Johansen. 2014. 'The Politics of Spatial Renovation: Reconfiguring Ritual Practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India'. <i>Journal of Social Archaeology</i> 14 (1): 59-86. §REF§ The vast majority of Iron Age megalithic structures and associated sites have been found in the modern-day Indian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. §REF§ (Brubaker 2001-2002, 253) Robert Brubaker. 2001-2002. 'Aspects of Mortuary Variability in the South Indian Iron Age'. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute</i> 60-61: 253-302. §REF§ As in the preceding Neolithic period, South Indians sustained themselves through bovine and caprine pastoralism as well as the cultivation of millet and pulses - and, increasingly, wheat, barley, and rice. Settlement designs became more complex and labour-intensive, and new social arrangements and mortuary practices emerged. §REF§ (Johansen 2014, 65) Peter G. Johansen. 2014. 'The Politics of Spatial Renovation: Reconfiguring Ritual Practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India'. <i>Journal of Social Archaeology</i> 14 (1): 59-86. §REF§ <br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>Differences in the scale, design and materials of mortuary megalithic structures and associated grave goods point to the growing hierarchization of South Indian societies at this time. §REF§ (Johansen 2014, 65) Peter G. Johansen. 2014. 'The Politics of Spatial Renovation: Reconfiguring Ritual Practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India'. <i>Journal of Social Archaeology</i> 14 (1): 59-86. §REF§ However, there was some variation in terms of the sociopolitical organization of individual communities: for example, it is likely that some chiefs with limited decision-making powers ruled over single settlements, and that more powerful leaders based in large centres exerted some control over surrounding settlements, and that some polities were made up of several settlements ruled by a hierarchy of leaders who answered to a single paramount chief. The first type of polity probably prevailed at the beginning of the Iron Age, while the second and third type likely became more common towards its end. §REF§ (Brubaker 2001-2002, 287-91) Robert Brubaker. 2001-2002. 'Aspects of Mortuary Variability in the South Indian Iron Age'. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute</i> 60-61: 253-302. §REF§ <br>No population estimates for this period could be found in the specialist literature.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 15, "name": "Deccan", "subregion": "Central India", "longitude": "76.625407000000", "latitude": "15.386856000000", "capital_city": "Kampli", "nga_code": "DEC", "fao_country": "India", "world_region": "South Asia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 36, "name": "Central India", "subregions_list": "Deccan, etc", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 55, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "This variable is difficult to code with confidence due to the paucity of the data available, but the following quotes suggest that, in this region in the precolonial era, there was a certain cultural flexibility in matters of identity and a general similarity of belief, which in turn suggests broadly tolerant attitudes. \"Precolonial Africa was characterized by a large degree of pluralism and flexibility in terms of articulation of belonging. In line with this, the precolonial Kalanga also consisted of more fluid units that assimilated outsiders into the community as long as they accepted their customs, and the sense of obligation and solidarity went beyond that of the nuclear family.\"§REF§(Dube 2020) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3FHTN4Q3\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 3FHTN4Q3 </b></a>§REF§ \"[T]here existed a large region of broadly similar languages, beliefs and institutions, larger than present-day Zimbabwe and stretching into areas now defined as South Africa, Zambia and Mozambique. Within that zone, there was a constant movement of people, goods, ideas, and a multitude of different self-identifications.\"§REF§(Raftopoulos and Mlambo 2008: 2) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U8C75XJD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: U8C75XJD </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Governmental obligations for religious groups to apply for official recognition", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 624, "name": "zi_great_zimbabwe", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1550, "long_name": "Great Zimbabwe", "new_name": "zi_great_zimbabwe", "polity_tag": "POL_AFR_SA", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 6, "name": "Southern Africa", "subregions_list": "Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique and south", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 161, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "\"Within the literature of this period, strife with Jews was not a common topic. Thus, conflict between Christians and Beta Israel or any other group which might have been identified as Jews does not appear to have been a central concern at the time.\" .\"§REF§(Dege-Müller 2018: 276-277) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8J6P8FCQ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8J6P8FCQ </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Governmental obligations for religious groups to apply for official recognition", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "EtZagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269, "long_name": "Zagwe", "new_name": "et_zagwe", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 2, "name": "East Africa", "subregions_list": "Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda, So Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 62, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "Suspected unknown due to the antiquity of this quasi-polity, the nature of the data, and the fact that this aspect of the quasi-polity's culture is not mentioned in a recent and comprehensive series of articles on prehistoric West Burkina Faso by Stephen Dueppen.", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Governmental obligations for religious groups to apply for official recognition", "coded_value": "unknown", "polity": { "id": 619, "name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_1", "start_year": 701, "end_year": 1100, "long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red I", "new_name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_1", "polity_tag": "POL_AFR_WEST", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 7, "name": "West Africa", "subregions_list": "From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 69, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "‘‘‘ \"Many enclaves of Muslim traders and scholars, dispersed throughout the region, enjoyed substantial autonomy in relation to the kings.\" §REF§(Robinson 1973: 189) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CMRM3RTG\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CMRM3RTG </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Governmental obligations for religious groups to apply for official recognition", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 681, "name": "se_great_fulo_emp", "start_year": 1490, "end_year": 1776, "long_name": "Denyanke Kingdom", "new_name": "se_great_fulo_emp", "polity_tag": "POL_AFR_WEST", "general_description": "The Empire of Great Fulo was established in 1490 CE by the Fula leader Tengella as he rebelled against the Songhay Empire. Tengella was killed in battle by the Songhay and was succeeded by his son Koli Tengella. Koli Tengella along with his troops invaded the Fuuta Tooro region in northern Senegal and established the empire there. Through Koli Tengella all the other Fulo kings were descended, and thus from Koli Tengella’s legacy the Denianke or Denyanke Dynasty was formed. §REF§ (Ba Konare 2021, 32) Ba Konare, Dougoukolo Alpha Oumar. 2021. National Narratives of Mali: Fula Communities in Times of Crisis. Minneapolis: Lexington Books. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/F4IZCXAQ/collection\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/F4IZCXAQ/collection</a> §REF§ The Empire of the Great Fulo was important in the trans-Sahara trade and also the slave trade with Europeans. §REF§ (Fage 2008, 508) Fage, J.D. 2008. ‘Upper and Lower Guinea.’ In The Cambridge History of Africa c. 1050 – c.1600. Edited by Roland Oliver. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/9V3CTHZ9/collection\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/9V3CTHZ9/collection</a> §REF§ In 1776 CE, the Empire of the Great Fulo and the Danianke Dynasty ended and was taken over by the Imamate of Fuuta Tooro. §REF§ (Klein 1972, 429) Klein, Martin A. 1972. ‘Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia.’ The Journal of Africa History. Vol. 13:3. Pp 419-441. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ZJRN8UJ8/collection\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ZJRN8UJ8/collection</a> §REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 7, "name": "West Africa", "subregions_list": "From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 70, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "\"African Islam, at least south of the Sahara, has been strongly influenced by Sufism. This has made it much more eclectic, flexible, and less vulnerable, if not wholly immune, to external stridency than might otherwise have been the case. Although there has been and continues to be disagreement about the precise nature of Sufi influence in Africa, the emphasis placed by Sufism historically on personal piety and exemplary behaviour, in the words of Knut Vikor, has been rather more important than ‘its external functions as a focus for political combat and jihad’.70 In other words, African Muslims have been historically less responsive to the call to arms than others of the Faith. Second, and more directly pertinent to north-east Africa, it has been suggested that Somali ‘xenophobia’ has likewise rendered Islam in that area comparatively immune to external influence. This goes some way to explaining what Iqbal Jhazbhay terms ‘the relative inter-faith détente that has existed between Christian and Islamic spheres of influence in the Horn of Africa’. Somali Islam ‘appears to be solidly located within a tradition of regional, geo-cultural, peaceful co-existence between Christianity, Islam and indigenous animistic tendencies’.\" §REF§ (Reid 2011, 59) Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CZB48WKQ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CZB48WKQ </b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Governmental obligations for religious groups to apply for official recognition", "coded_value": "absent", "polity": { "id": 640, "name": "so_habr_yunis", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1886, "long_name": "Habr Yunis", "new_name": "so_habr_yunis", "polity_tag": "POL_AFR_EAST", "general_description": "The Habr Yunis Sultanate was originally part of the Isaaq Sultanate or clan group that began roughly around the fourteenth century with the arrival of Sheikh Isaq, (the founder of the Isaaq Somali people) from the Arabian Peninsula. §REF§ (Lewis 2002, 22-23) Lewis, Ioan M. 2002. A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/KHB7VSJK/collection\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/KHB7VSJK/collection</a> §REF§ By the mid-nineteenth century along with Habr Awal and Habr Jeclo, Habr Yunis broke away from the Isaaq to create its own sultanate. The Habr Yunis controlled trade around the Zeila and Berbera ports on the northwest Somali coast. §REF§ (Bridges 1986, 682-683) Bridges, Roy. 1986. ‘The Visit of Frederick Forbes to the Somali Coast in 1833.’ The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Vol. 19:4. Pp 679-691. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/G3PNH843/collection\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/G3PNH843/collection</a> §REF§ By the late nineteenth century, Habr Yunis was absorbed into British Somaliland officially ending the sultanate. §REF§ (Albaharna et. al. 1986, 88) Albaharna, Husain M. 1986. The Legal Status of the Arabian Gulf States: A Study of Their Treaty Relations and Their International Problems. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/G6NP7HE4/collection\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/G6NP7HE4/collection</a> §REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 2, "name": "East Africa", "subregions_list": "Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda, So Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 82, "year_from": 1140, "year_to": 1503, "description": "‘‘‘ The following quote suggests a general attitude of tolerance on the ruler's part towards the polity's small Christian community. “Duarte Pires posits that Oba Esigie later found a genuine interest in Christianity hence he ordered his son and two of his nobles to become Christians and to be baptized (Bradbury, 1967). It is also on the strength of this that he instructed the missionaries to build churches at Ogbelaka, Idunmwerie, and Akpakpava during his reign.” §REF§ (Aremu and Ediagbonya 2018: 85-86) Johnson Olaosebikan Aremu; Michael Ediagbonya(2018). “Trade and Religion in British-Benin Relations, 1553-1897”, Global Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 4(2), pp.78-90. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BZ3FI3NU\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: BZ3FI3NU </b></a> §REF§ “In 1514 oba Esiegie sent a delegation to Portugal […] asking for a Christian mission and firearms. What Benin needed from the Portuguese was, above all, firearms. King Manuel I was, however, reluctant to sell weapons to pagans. […] Actually the oba was far less interested in Christianity than he was in obtaining firearms, and though he learned to speak Portuguese, permitted the establishment of a Christian mission, and allowed his son Orhogba and some officials to be baptized, he did not accept baptism himself.” §REF§ (Sandomirsky 2013: 134) Sandomirsky, Natalie, 2013. “Benin, Empire: Oba Awuare, Trade with the Portuguese”, in Shillington, Kevin (ed.), Encyclopedia of African History 3 (London: Taylor and Francis), pp. 133-134. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8WV9FCMD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 8WV9FCMD </b></a> §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Governmental obligations for religious groups to apply for official recognition", "coded_value": "unknown", "polity": { "id": 672, "name": "ni_benin_emp", "start_year": 1140, "end_year": 1897, "long_name": "Benin Empire", "new_name": "ni_benin_emp", "polity_tag": "POL_AFR_WEST", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 7, "name": "West Africa", "subregions_list": "From Senegal to Gabon (Tropical)", "mac_region": { "id": 2, "name": "Africa" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] } ] }