Soc Vio Freq Rel Grp List
A viewset for viewing and editing Social Violence Against Religious Groups.
GET /api/rt/frequency-of-societal-violence-against-religious-groups/?ordering=-coded_value&page=23
{ "count": 222, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshatdata.com/api/rt/frequency-of-societal-violence-against-religious-groups/?ordering=-coded_value&page=22", "results": [ { "id": 495, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "The following quote suggests at least occasional violence against Jews prior to October 1497, and the violence directed at Jews after their conversion to Christianity after that date may well have been partly motivated by the suspicion to that they were still following Judaism, thus justifying a \"present\" code here. \"Portuguese Jewry at the start of the Golden Age had been relatively free of serious molestation for many centuries– though Spanish Jews, who had fled to Portugal at the end of Joao II’s reign, were accorded much less favourable treatment. Jews in Portugal were unpopular and provided obvious scapegoats in times of stress; but they were nonetheless fairly well protected by the crown and the great magnates– for they were essential to national well-being, comprising a vital component of the mercantile bourgeoisie. Yet on 31 October 1497, Manuel ordered the expulsion, on pain of death, of all Jews and Muslims from his kingdom. [...] Of course, Manuel and his council were aware of the damage a Jewish exodus could inflict on the Portuguese economy and therefore made every effort to convert the Jews instead. [...] Former Jews were guaranteed their property. They were to be officially known as New Christians (cristãos novos), and the use of insulting terms like marrano was prohibited. [...] Despite government policies, the popular odium previously reserved for Jews was now transferred to New Christians, and soon there were renewed outbreaks of anti-Semitic violence. The worst occurred in Lisbon in April 1506 when a frenzied mob, egged on by Dominican friars, massacred several thousand terrified New Christians, throwing many of them onto a huge bonfire in Lisbon’s central square, the Rossio.\" §REF§(Disney 2009a: 153-154) Disney, A. R. 2009a. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire from Beginnings to 1807. Volume 1, Portugal. Cambridge University Press: 143. <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: TKKDT5CZ </b></a>.§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Soc_vio_freq_rel_grp", "coded_value": "mftvr", "polity": { "id": 708, "name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "start_year": 1495, "end_year": 1579, "long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period", "new_name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2023-10-25T13:49:59.636980Z", "modified_date": "2024-04-10T08:42:10.711578Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 18, "name": "Southern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iberia, Italy", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 581, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "description": "VERY_RARELY_COMMENT: The sources consulted suggest that social violence against religious groups was exacerbated the Mongol’s policy of religious toleration and occurred quite frequently. “This reverse in the fortunes of Central Asian Muslims inaugurated two centuries of exacerbated tensions and competitive intrigue between exponents of Christianity, Buddhism and Islam which crested under the atmosphere of religious tolerance of Mongol rule in the thirteenth century.” §REF§ (Foltz, Jianyi, 1999, 42) Foltz, R., Jianyi, L. 1999. Ecumenical Mischief Under the Mongols. Central Asiatic Journal, 43(1), 42-69. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X7FRVGSJ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: X7FRVGSJ </b></a> §REF§“However, it was motivated less by high mindedness than by expediency, for it was a effective weapon in Chinggis’ wars against peoples of other religions, and it enabled Chinggis to manipulate the rivalries and conflicts between Muslims, Buddhists, and Christians in the territories that he conquered.” §REF§ (Onon, 2001, 9-10) Onon, Urgunge. 2001 Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R8J46Z26\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: R8J46Z26 </b></a> §REF§ “Although individual Mongol rulers occasionally favored one or another of the religions of their domains, their general policy was to attempt to balance the various traditions so that each might serve them to the extent it could. This policy, by variously allowing representatives of each tradition to believe they were gaining the upper hand vis-à-vis their rivals and could act against them with impunity, led to an enormous amount of destruction and bloodshed.” §REF§ (Foltz, Jianyi, 1999, 68) Foltz, R., Jianyi, L. 1999. Ecumenical Mischief Under the Mongols. Central Asiatic Journal, 43(1), 42-69. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X7FRVGSJ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: X7FRVGSJ </b></a> §REF§ <br> MORE_FREQUENTLY_THAN_VERY_RARELY_COMMENT: The sources suggest the Mongol policy of religious toleration allowed for violence between competing religious factions. “This reverse in the fortunes of Central Asian Muslims inaugurated two centuries of exacerbated tensions and competitive intrigue between exponents of Christianity, Buddhism and Islam which crested under the atmosphere of religious tolerance of Mongol rule in the thirteenth century.” §REF§ (Foltz, Jianyi, 1999, 42) Foltz, R., Jianyi, L. 1999. Ecumenical Mischief Under the Mongols. Central Asiatic Journal, 43(1), 42-69. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X7FRVGSJ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: X7FRVGSJ </b></a> §REF§ “Although individual Mongol rulers occasionally favored one or another of the religions of their domains, their general policy was to attempt to balance the various traditions so that each might serve them to the extent it could. This policy, by variously allowing representatives of each tradition to believe they were gaining the upper hand vis-à-vis their rivals and could act against them with impunity, led to an enormous amount of destruction and bloodshed.” §REF§ (Foltz, Jianyi, 1999, 68) Foltz, R., Jianyi, L. 1999. Ecumenical Mischief Under the Mongols. Central Asiatic Journal, 43(1), 42-69. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X7FRVGSJ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: X7FRVGSJ </b></a> §REF§ “However, it was motivated less by high mindedness than by expediency, for it was a effective weapon in Chinggis’ wars against peoples of other religions, and it enabled Chinggis to manipulate the rivalries and conflicts between Muslims, Buddhists, and Christians in the territories that he conquered.” §REF§ (Onon, 2001, 9-10) Onon, Urgunge. 2001 Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R8J46Z26\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: R8J46Z26 </b></a> §REF§ “Juzjani claims that Buddhist priests were constantly inciting Güyük to persecute Muslims. One is said to have told the Great Khan, “If thoust desirest that the sovereignty and throne of the Mughals should remain unto thee, of of two thing do one: either massacre the whole of the Musalmans, or put a stop to their generating and propagating.” Güyük then issued an order for all Muslim men under his rule to be castrated; this disaster was averted only by a “miracle” in which one of the Buddhist conspirators had his genitals ripped off by a dog, which was taken as a sign to leave the Muslims alone.” §REF§ (Foltz, Jianyi, 1999, 50) Foltz, R., Jianyi, L. 1999. Ecumenical Mischief Under the Mongols. Central Asiatic Journal, 43(1), 42-69. Seshat URL: <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X7FRVGSJ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: X7FRVGSJ </b></a> §REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Soc_vio_freq_rel_grp", "coded_value": "mftvr", "polity": { "id": 267, "name": "MnMngKh", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1368, "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "new_name": "mn_mongol_emp", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Mongols began as one of a group of nomadic tribes living on the Central Asian Steppe. Temujin or Temuchin (later called Chinggis Khan) became Khan (king), united the different Mongol families and incorporated other tribes such as the Tatars into the 'Mongols'. He was acknowledged as the leader of all the Central Asian tribes in 1206 CE. With this force he moved out of the Steppe in search of new territory. First, the Mongols attacked northern China between 1211 and 1215 CE. In 1218 they moved west into Iran, attacking the main cities of the region. They attacked southern Russia in 1240 and the German lands in 1241. The empire did not expand any further into Europe, but turned its attention back to China and the Middle East. Khubilai Khan moved into southern China; Hulegu captured Baghdad and destroyed the Abbasid caliphate. This represented the height of the Empire in terms of territory and achievement. Indeed, so vast was this empire that the Mongols split it into four regions under four Khans: the Golden Horde in Russia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Great Yuan in China and the Ilkhanate in Iran and Iraq, c. 1300. Over time this became independent dynasties and states. §REF§ Hugh Kennedy,'Mongols or Moghuls' in The Oxford Companion to Military History eds. Richard Holmes, Charles Singleton, and Dr Spencer Jones (Oxford University Press, 2001). §REF§ The Mongols were able to mobilise large numbers of troops for their armies. All adult males under 60 were eligible for mass mobilization. All were required to provide their own horses and equipment. This meant that even though Mongol soldiers may not have been the best troops in terms of ability or equipment, they had advantages of size and discipline over their opponents. This was strengthened by Chinggis Khan reforms which introduced a decimal system of organising the army - diving up troops up into units from ten to 10, 000. §REF§ Findley, Carter V., The Turks in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005),p.83. §REF§ ", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": { "id": 24, "name": "Orkhon Valley", "subregion": "Mongolia", "longitude": "102.845486000000", "latitude": "47.200757000000", "capital_city": "Karakorum", "nga_code": "MN", "fao_country": "Mongolia", "world_region": "Central Eurasia" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 9, "name": "Mongolia", "subregions_list": "Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, the steppe part of Manchuria", "mac_region": { "id": 3, "name": "Central and Northern Eurasia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "citations": [], "curator": [] } ] }