Polity Suprapolity Relations List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Suprapolity Relations.
GET /api/general/polity-suprapolities/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 393, "next": "https://seshatdata.com/api/general/polity-suprapolities/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshatdata.com/api/general/polity-suprapolities/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 398, "year_from": 1388, "year_to": 1396, "description": "Margaret I of Denmark ruled the Kingdom of Norway with Eric of Pomerania as co ruler in personal union from 1388 –1412.§REF§“Margareta - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VWK9C5EG\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: VWK9C5EG</b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": "2024-05-22T18:19:11.971364Z", "modified_date": "2024-05-22T18:19:33.622512Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "polity": { "id": 873, "name": "dk_danish_k", "start_year": 936, "end_year": 1396, "long_name": "Kingdom of Denmark - Medieval", "new_name": "dk_danish_k", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Kingdom of Denmark, Margaret of Denmark", "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-05-02T14:44:48.543124Z", "modified_date": "2024-05-02T14:44:48.543137Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 17, "name": "Northern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iceland, Scandinavia, Finland, Baltics", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": null }, "comment": null, "private_comment": null, "other_polity": { "id": 116, "name": "NorKing", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396, "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "new_name": "no_norway_k_2", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Kingdom of Norway (also Norwegian Empire or Old Norse <i>Noregsveldi</i>) originally covered the west coast of Norway and was allied with an earldom in Þrándheimur (modern Trøndelag). It then expanded to eastern Norway in the middle of the 11th century CE, around Viken and modern-day Oslo, including Båhuslen in modern Sweden, and northwards to Hålogaland, Lofoten and Finnmark.<br>Orkney and Shetland became part of the kingdom as early as 875, according to legend, and became an earldom. The Faroe Islands became part of the kingdom of Norway in 1035 CE, and the Hebrides and Man in the 12th century. Iceland and Greenland were added to its territory in 1256-64 and 1262 respectively. In 1266, however, Man and the Hebrides became part of the Kingdom of Scotland. The 'peak' of the kingdom was thus in the 1260s. Each part of the kingdom had its own assembly: four in Norway and a separate assembly for each of the islands or archipelagoes in the realm. Here the chieftains gathered yearly to discuss and decide on key matters for each assembly area. The Icelandic, Faroese and Man assemblies still exist.<br><i>Population and political organization</i><br>The kingdom of Norway was originally a composite of kingdoms or earldoms, with the king of Norway a king of kings. Its extent and composition relied in large part on the fortunes of the royal dynasty, with repeated periods of partition by inheritance and reunification. A fully stable dynasty was only established in about 1240, after a long period of civil war. Royal power was instrumental in introducing Christianity to Norway around 1000, and the church was an important prop to royal power thereafter, providing the bureaucratic framework. The orientation of the Norwegian kingdom shifted after 1314, from North Atlantic expansion to an eastern emphasis, participating in intra-Scandinavian power struggles. In 1397 it joined the Kalmar Union, the kingdom covering the whole of the Swedish, Danish and Norwegian realms. From 1523 to 1814 it was a part of the Danish-Norwegian kingdom, and the Danish king was also the Norwegian king. The population reached about 400,000-600,000 in 1350, before the Black Death, but by 1520 repeated epidemics had reduced the population to around 120,000.<br><i>This description was provided by Árni Daniel Júlíusson and edited by Jenny Reddish.</i>", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "JR: changing the end date from 1380 to 1396, taking it to just before the Kalmar Union. Variables need to be checked to see whether they still apply to the 1381-96 period", "created_date": null, "modified_date": "2024-04-30T12:29:11.149067Z", "home_nga": { "id": 3, "name": "Iceland", "subregion": "Northern Europe", "longitude": "-21.891497000000", "latitude": "64.133088000000", "capital_city": "Reykjavik", "nga_code": "IS", "fao_country": "Iceland", "world_region": "Europe" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 17, "name": "Northern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iceland, Scandinavia, Finland, Baltics", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 399, "year_from": 1389, "year_to": 1396, "description": "Margaret I of Denmark ruled the Kingdom of Sweden with Eric of Pomerania as co ruler in personal union from 1389 –1412.§REF§“Margareta - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VWK9C5EG\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: VWK9C5EG</b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": "2024-05-22T18:21:28.591382Z", "modified_date": "2024-05-22T18:21:28.591396Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "polity": { "id": 873, "name": "dk_danish_k", "start_year": 936, "end_year": 1396, "long_name": "Kingdom of Denmark - Medieval", "new_name": "dk_danish_k", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Kingdom of Denmark, Margaret of Denmark", "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-05-02T14:44:48.543124Z", "modified_date": "2024-05-02T14:44:48.543137Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 17, "name": "Northern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iceland, Scandinavia, Finland, Baltics", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": null }, "comment": null, "private_comment": null, "other_polity": { "id": 868, "name": "sv_swedish_k_1", "start_year": 980, "end_year": 1396, "long_name": "Kingdom of Sweden I", "new_name": "sv_swedish_k_1", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Swedish Kingdom", "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-04-26T12:08:22.061440Z", "modified_date": "2024-04-30T12:37:04.170914Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 17, "name": "Northern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iceland, Scandinavia, Finland, Baltics", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": null }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 392, "year_from": 1415, "year_to": 1453, "description": "", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": "2024-04-24T15:01:32.499939Z", "modified_date": "2024-04-24T15:02:13.945812Z", "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "vassalage", "polity": { "id": 801, "name": "de_brandenburg_1", "start_year": 1415, "end_year": 1618, "long_name": "Electorate of Brandenburg", "new_name": "de_hohenzollern_1", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "The era from 1415 to 1618 in Brandenburg was marked by the gradual emergence of a centralized state, the strategic territorial expansion, and the foundational development of what would become one of Europe's most powerful dynasties. The Hohenzollerns' political strategies, combined with significant cultural and religious shifts, transformed Brandenburg from a marginal margraviate into a significant power, which would play a central role in the subsequent centuries of European history.§REF§Hansjoachim Wolfgang Koch, A History of Prussia (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1978).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FS2NYAJR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: FS2NYAJR</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Hohenzollern era in Brandenburg began with Frederick I's elevation to Elector of Brandenburg in 1415, granted by Emperor Sigismund as a reward for his support against the Hussites, changing the Margraviate of Brandenburg to the Electorate of Brandenburg.§REF§Hansjoachim Wolfgang Koch, A History of Prussia (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1978).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FS2NYAJR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: FS2NYAJR</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\nOne of the pivotal figures of this era was Frederick II Elector of Brandenburg, who reigned from 1440 to 1470. Known as \"Frederick the Iron,\" he centralized authority, reduced the power of the local nobility, and established a more cohesive state. His efforts laid the groundwork for the transformation of Brandenburg into a more centralized territorial state.§REF§Deutsche Biographie, “Friedrich II. - Deutsche Biographie,”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GPFMNB8\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9GPFMNB8</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nUnder Elector Joachim II (1535-1571), Brandenburg officially adopted Lutheranism, aligning itself with the Protestant states within the Empire. This religious shift not only reflected the broader European religious transformations but also served as a political tool to assert greater independence from imperial Catholic influences and to consolidate internal governance.§REF§\r\nMathis Leibetseder, Joachim II. von Brandenburg: Kurfürst Zwischen Renaissance Und Reformation, Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preussischer Kulturbesitz. Forschungen Band 15 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2022).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZI9KVPJI\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: ZI9KVPJI</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nJohn Sigismund's accession in 1608 marked the beginning of Brandenburg's expansion into the Duchy of Prussia. His acceptance of the Prussian dukedom in 1618 through inheritance established the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia.§REF§Heinz Immekeppel, Das Herzogtum Preussen von 1603 Bis 1618, Studien zur Geschichte Preussens Bd. 24 (Köln: G. Grote, 1975).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XUFQZXAA\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: XUFQZXAA</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-01-26T14:18:40.640870Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-12T09:42:48.196889Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": null, "other_polity": { "id": 800, "name": "de_empire_3", "start_year": 1255, "end_year": 1453, "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period", "new_name": "de_empire_3", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "The Holy Roman Empire from 1255 to 1453 was characterized by internal restructuring, the assertion of princely and municipal autonomy, and the ongoing negotiation of power between secular and ecclesiastical authorities. This period is marked by significant transitions and the interplay of imperial ambition, regional princely power, and the persistent influence of the Papacy. §REF§Stollberg-Rilinger, Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FA7D8TKC\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: FA7D8TKC</b></a>§REF§\r\nFollowing the Interregnum, a time characterized by a lack of clear imperial leadership after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, the Empire sought to re-establish its coherence under new leadership. This era is defined by the gradual emergence of territorial principalities and the increasing importance of cities and towns, reflecting a shift towards more localized forms of governance within the imperial framework and a reduction of central Imperial power and cohesion. The election of Rudolf I of Habsburg in 1273 brought some stability after years of internal strife and fragmentation. The Habsburg ascendancy marked the beginning of a dynasty that would later come to play a pivotal role in European politics. The immediate impact was a consolidation of power and establishing dynastic territories in Austria and surrounding regions, marking the beginning of the rise of Austria.§REF§Kaufhold, Deutsches Interregnum Und Europäische Politik.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3VKQVTUM\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 3VKQVTUM</b></a>§REF§\r\nThe period also witnessed the continuation of the struggle between the Empire and the Papacy, a remnant of the Investiture Conflict. While the overt conflict over investitures had diminished, the broader contest for influence between secular and ecclesiastical authorities persisted, influencing the political landscape of the Empire and beyond.§REF§Stollberg-Rilinger, Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FA7D8TKC\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: FA7D8TKC</b></a>§REF§\r\nThe 14th and 15th centuries saw the rise of the Hanseatic League, a commercial and defensive alliance of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe. This development underscored the growing economic power of cities within the Empire and their increasing role in shaping regional politics and trade routes.§REF§Dollinger, Henn, and Dollinger, Die Hanse.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I7DL372B\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: I7DL372B</b></a>§REF§\r\nThe Golden Bull of 1356 was a landmark event, establishing a constitutional structure for the Empire and formalizing the electoral process for the selection of the Emperor.It formalized the creation of an Electoral College, consisting of seven prince-electors who were granted the exclusive right to elect the Emperor. These electors included the Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, and the Margrave of Brandenburg. It also underscored the autonomy of the Emperor from the Papacy, stipulating that the election of the Emperor by the prince-electors was final and did not require papal approval.§REF§Hergemöller, Fürsten, Herren Und Städte Zu Nürnberg, 1355/56.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IZGE7CTD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: IZGE7CTD</b></a>§REF§This decree aimed to balance the power among the leading princes and the Emperor, laying the groundwork for the political system that would define the Empire's later stages.The late medieval period was also marked by external pressures, notably the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe. The fall of Constantinople in 1453, while not directly involving the Holy Roman Empire, signaled a significant shift in the balance of power and posed a looming threat to Christendom, including the territories of the Empire.§REF§“Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CEWT25UW\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CEWT25UW</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-01-26T14:16:47.880799Z", "modified_date": "2024-02-28T14:43:34.181125Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 380, "year_from": 1419, "year_to": 1437, "description": "Sigismund of Luxembourg held the Kingdom of Bohemia in personal union from 1419 to 1437.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": "2024-03-17T20:35:08.010627Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-25T10:34:42.850489Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "polity": { "id": 811, "name": "hu_later_dyn", "start_year": 1302, "end_year": 1526, "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties", "new_name": "hu_later_dyn", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "Following the Árpád dynasty's end, Hungary entered a period marked by the Angevin and Jagiellonian dynasties, leading up to the significant Battle of Mohács in 1526.§REF§László Kontler, Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Budapest: Atlantisz, 1999).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSSN8HUW\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CSSN8HUW</b></a>§REF§The Angevin kings, notably Charles I and Louis I, expanded Hungary's influence in Central Europe through military campaigns and administrative reforms, enhancing the kingdom's power. The era saw Hungary's involvement in European politics intensify, especially under the rule of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who linked Hungary with Bohemia and Poland, aiming to strengthen royal authority and address external threats, notably from the Ottoman Empire.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§ The period was characterized by dynastic changes, efforts towards centralization, and significant cultural developments, yet it also faced challenges such as internal strife and the looming threat of Ottoman conquest. This era concluded with the devastating defeat at Mohács,§REF§ Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters, eds., Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Facts on File library of world history (New York, NY: Facts On File, 2009).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJPGPVLD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KJPGPVLD</b></a>§REF§ leading to Hungary's fragmentation and marking the end of medieval Hungarian sovereignty.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-03-01T11:47:44.608679Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-11T12:59:02.413834Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "other_polity": { "id": 568, "name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1526, "long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty", "new_name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "<br>“The physical setting for this history is fixed easily enough: the lands of the present-day Czech Republic, which closely correspond to the core of the historical Kingdom of Bohemia (Bohemia proper, Mora- via, and part of Silesia) lie between 51° 03’ and 48° 33’ north latitude, and 12° 05’ and 18° 51’ east longitude.”§REF§(Agnew 2004: 4) Agnew, Hugh LeCaine. 2004. The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. California: Hoover Institution Press. http://archive.org/details/czechslandsofboh0000agne. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6LBQ5ARI§REF§<br>This polity period begins and ends with the rule of the House of Luxembourg, which succeeded four centuries of the Přemyslid dynasty. “From 1310 to 1437 Bohemia was ruled by the House of Luxemburg, many of whom were Emperors of Germany as well as Kings of Bohemia.”§REF§(Thorndike 1917: 552) Thorndike, Lynn. 1917. The History of Medieval Europe. Massachusetts, USA: The Riverside Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJSEM6KC§REF§ “Sigismund, who it will be remembered, became emperor in 1410, succeeded his brother Wenzel as King of Bohemia as well, where he reigned from 1419 to his death in 1437, so far as the Hussites, indignant at his betrayal of their leader, would let him. On Sigismund's death, Bohemia and Hungary, like the imperial office which he had held, passed for a few years to the House of Hapsburg. But then, through exercise of the old custom of election by the nobility, the two lands came under the rule of native kings and did not again come into the possession of the Austrian dynasty until well into the sixteenth century.”§REF§(Thorndike 1917: 553) Thorndike, Lynn. 1917. The History of Medieval Europe. Massachusetts, USA: The Riverside Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJSEM6KC§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": null, "modified_date": "2024-01-26T14:05:25.538254Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 381, "year_from": 1440, "year_to": 1444, "description": "Vladislaus I (Władysław III of Poland / Vladislaus I of Hungary) held the Kingdom of Hungary in personal union from 1440 to 1444.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": "2024-03-18T10:57:41.173207Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-25T10:35:06.517538Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "polity": { "id": 334, "name": "PlPoLit", "start_year": 1386, "end_year": 1569, "long_name": "Poland-Lithuania Kingdom", "new_name": "pl_jagiellonian_dyn", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": null, "modified_date": "2024-03-12T09:43:17.211764Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "other_polity": { "id": 811, "name": "hu_later_dyn", "start_year": 1302, "end_year": 1526, "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties", "new_name": "hu_later_dyn", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "Following the Árpád dynasty's end, Hungary entered a period marked by the Angevin and Jagiellonian dynasties, leading up to the significant Battle of Mohács in 1526.§REF§László Kontler, Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Budapest: Atlantisz, 1999).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSSN8HUW\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CSSN8HUW</b></a>§REF§The Angevin kings, notably Charles I and Louis I, expanded Hungary's influence in Central Europe through military campaigns and administrative reforms, enhancing the kingdom's power. The era saw Hungary's involvement in European politics intensify, especially under the rule of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who linked Hungary with Bohemia and Poland, aiming to strengthen royal authority and address external threats, notably from the Ottoman Empire.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§ The period was characterized by dynastic changes, efforts towards centralization, and significant cultural developments, yet it also faced challenges such as internal strife and the looming threat of Ottoman conquest. This era concluded with the devastating defeat at Mohács,§REF§ Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters, eds., Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Facts on File library of world history (New York, NY: Facts On File, 2009).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJPGPVLD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KJPGPVLD</b></a>§REF§ leading to Hungary's fragmentation and marking the end of medieval Hungarian sovereignty.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-03-01T11:47:44.608679Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-11T12:59:02.413834Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 375, "year_from": 1469, "year_to": 1515, "description": "", "note": null, "finalized": true, "created_date": "2024-03-14T12:28:13.485754Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-25T10:19:55.684057Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "polity": { "id": 814, "name": "es_aragon_crown", "start_year": 1164, "end_year": 1515, "long_name": "Crown of Aragon", "new_name": "es_aragon_crown", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-03-14T12:25:12.466335Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-14T12:25:12.466351Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 18, "name": "Southern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iberia, Italy", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "other_polity": { "id": 815, "name": "es_castile_crown", "start_year": 1231, "end_year": 1515, "long_name": "Crown of Castile", "new_name": "es_castile_crown", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-03-14T12:26:13.144686Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-14T12:26:13.144699Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 18, "name": "Southern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iberia, Italy", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 384, "year_from": 1490, "year_to": 1516, "description": "Vladislaus II controlled the Kingdom of Hungary in personal union from 1490–1516.§REF§Jaroslav Pánek and Oldřich Tůma, A History of the Czech Lands (Prague: Karolinum Press, 2009).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5MFK58ZP\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 5MFK58ZP</b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": "2024-03-25T11:06:39.892005Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-25T11:06:39.892019Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "polity": { "id": 568, "name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1526, "long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty", "new_name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "<br>“The physical setting for this history is fixed easily enough: the lands of the present-day Czech Republic, which closely correspond to the core of the historical Kingdom of Bohemia (Bohemia proper, Mora- via, and part of Silesia) lie between 51° 03’ and 48° 33’ north latitude, and 12° 05’ and 18° 51’ east longitude.”§REF§(Agnew 2004: 4) Agnew, Hugh LeCaine. 2004. The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. California: Hoover Institution Press. http://archive.org/details/czechslandsofboh0000agne. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6LBQ5ARI§REF§<br>This polity period begins and ends with the rule of the House of Luxembourg, which succeeded four centuries of the Přemyslid dynasty. “From 1310 to 1437 Bohemia was ruled by the House of Luxemburg, many of whom were Emperors of Germany as well as Kings of Bohemia.”§REF§(Thorndike 1917: 552) Thorndike, Lynn. 1917. The History of Medieval Europe. Massachusetts, USA: The Riverside Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJSEM6KC§REF§ “Sigismund, who it will be remembered, became emperor in 1410, succeeded his brother Wenzel as King of Bohemia as well, where he reigned from 1419 to his death in 1437, so far as the Hussites, indignant at his betrayal of their leader, would let him. On Sigismund's death, Bohemia and Hungary, like the imperial office which he had held, passed for a few years to the House of Hapsburg. But then, through exercise of the old custom of election by the nobility, the two lands came under the rule of native kings and did not again come into the possession of the Austrian dynasty until well into the sixteenth century.”§REF§(Thorndike 1917: 553) Thorndike, Lynn. 1917. The History of Medieval Europe. Massachusetts, USA: The Riverside Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJSEM6KC§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": null, "modified_date": "2024-01-26T14:05:25.538254Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "other_polity": { "id": 811, "name": "hu_later_dyn", "start_year": 1302, "end_year": 1526, "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties", "new_name": "hu_later_dyn", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "Following the Árpád dynasty's end, Hungary entered a period marked by the Angevin and Jagiellonian dynasties, leading up to the significant Battle of Mohács in 1526.§REF§László Kontler, Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Budapest: Atlantisz, 1999).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSSN8HUW\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CSSN8HUW</b></a>§REF§The Angevin kings, notably Charles I and Louis I, expanded Hungary's influence in Central Europe through military campaigns and administrative reforms, enhancing the kingdom's power. The era saw Hungary's involvement in European politics intensify, especially under the rule of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who linked Hungary with Bohemia and Poland, aiming to strengthen royal authority and address external threats, notably from the Ottoman Empire.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§ The period was characterized by dynastic changes, efforts towards centralization, and significant cultural developments, yet it also faced challenges such as internal strife and the looming threat of Ottoman conquest. This era concluded with the devastating defeat at Mohács,§REF§ Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters, eds., Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Facts on File library of world history (New York, NY: Facts On File, 2009).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJPGPVLD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KJPGPVLD</b></a>§REF§ leading to Hungary's fragmentation and marking the end of medieval Hungarian sovereignty.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-03-01T11:47:44.608679Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-11T12:59:02.413834Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 352, "year_from": 1500, "year_to": 1591, "description": "\"[T]he founding of the Hindu kingdom in Vijayanagara in India in 1336 launched a new era for south India and Sri Lanka, By 1385 they claimed sovereignty over the Aryachakravartis [of Jaffna] and may have assisted them to invade the Sinhalese kingdom while Bhuvanekabāhu V was still at Gampola. [...] The Jaffna Kingdom under Pararājasēkaran (1478-1519) was independent after the decline of Vijayanagar, but was much reduced in size and strength.\"", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": null, "name": "Supra_polity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "none", "polity": { "id": 634, "name": "sl_jaffa_k", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1591, "long_name": "Jaffna", "new_name": "sl_jaffa_k", "polity_tag": "POL_SA_SI", "general_description": null, "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": null, "created_date": null, "modified_date": null, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 40, "name": "Southern South Asia", "subregions_list": "Southern India and Sri Lanka", "mac_region": { "id": 9, "name": "South Asia" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "other_polity": null, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 385, "year_from": 1516, "year_to": 1526, "description": "Louis II of Hungary (Louis the Jagiellonian) ruled both Bohemia and Hungary from 1516–1526.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": "2024-03-25T11:17:55.936690Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-25T11:17:55.936702Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "polity": { "id": 811, "name": "hu_later_dyn", "start_year": 1302, "end_year": 1526, "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties", "new_name": "hu_later_dyn", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "Following the Árpád dynasty's end, Hungary entered a period marked by the Angevin and Jagiellonian dynasties, leading up to the significant Battle of Mohács in 1526.§REF§László Kontler, Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Budapest: Atlantisz, 1999).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSSN8HUW\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CSSN8HUW</b></a>§REF§The Angevin kings, notably Charles I and Louis I, expanded Hungary's influence in Central Europe through military campaigns and administrative reforms, enhancing the kingdom's power. The era saw Hungary's involvement in European politics intensify, especially under the rule of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who linked Hungary with Bohemia and Poland, aiming to strengthen royal authority and address external threats, notably from the Ottoman Empire.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§ The period was characterized by dynastic changes, efforts towards centralization, and significant cultural developments, yet it also faced challenges such as internal strife and the looming threat of Ottoman conquest. This era concluded with the devastating defeat at Mohács,§REF§ Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters, eds., Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Facts on File library of world history (New York, NY: Facts On File, 2009).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJPGPVLD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KJPGPVLD</b></a>§REF§ leading to Hungary's fragmentation and marking the end of medieval Hungarian sovereignty.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": "2024-03-01T11:47:44.608679Z", "modified_date": "2024-03-11T12:59:02.413834Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" }, "other_polity": { "id": 568, "name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1526, "long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty", "new_name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "<br>“The physical setting for this history is fixed easily enough: the lands of the present-day Czech Republic, which closely correspond to the core of the historical Kingdom of Bohemia (Bohemia proper, Mora- via, and part of Silesia) lie between 51° 03’ and 48° 33’ north latitude, and 12° 05’ and 18° 51’ east longitude.”§REF§(Agnew 2004: 4) Agnew, Hugh LeCaine. 2004. The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. California: Hoover Institution Press. http://archive.org/details/czechslandsofboh0000agne. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6LBQ5ARI§REF§<br>This polity period begins and ends with the rule of the House of Luxembourg, which succeeded four centuries of the Přemyslid dynasty. “From 1310 to 1437 Bohemia was ruled by the House of Luxemburg, many of whom were Emperors of Germany as well as Kings of Bohemia.”§REF§(Thorndike 1917: 552) Thorndike, Lynn. 1917. The History of Medieval Europe. Massachusetts, USA: The Riverside Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJSEM6KC§REF§ “Sigismund, who it will be remembered, became emperor in 1410, succeeded his brother Wenzel as King of Bohemia as well, where he reigned from 1419 to his death in 1437, so far as the Hussites, indignant at his betrayal of their leader, would let him. On Sigismund's death, Bohemia and Hungary, like the imperial office which he had held, passed for a few years to the House of Hapsburg. But then, through exercise of the old custom of election by the nobility, the two lands came under the rule of native kings and did not again come into the possession of the Austrian dynasty until well into the sixteenth century.”§REF§(Thorndike 1917: 553) Thorndike, Lynn. 1917. The History of Medieval Europe. Massachusetts, USA: The Riverside Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJSEM6KC§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": null, "modified_date": "2024-01-26T14:05:25.538254Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "citations": [], "curator": [] }, { "id": 386, "year_from": 1519, "year_to": 1556, "description": "Charles I (Charles V) held the Archduchy of Austria from 1519 to 1521 before he abdicated as Duke of Austria in favour of his brother, Ferdinand I, who had also been made King of the Romans in 1531. Ferdinand continued to rule in his name as Imperial Lieutenant until Charles I's abdication in 1556.§REF§Martyn C. Rady, The Emperor Charles V, Seminar studies in history (London ; New York: Longman, 1988).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Y6MXWNC7\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: Y6MXWNC7</b></a>§REF§§REF§Fichtner, Paula. 2017. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490-1848: Attributes of Empire. Macmillan International Higher Education. 116, 123, 124–5, 130.§REF§ §REF§Whaley, Joachim. 2018. \"The early modern empire (1): from Maximilian I to the Thirty Years Wars\" in The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§", "note": null, "finalized": false, "created_date": "2024-03-25T11:39:47.320689Z", "modified_date": "2024-04-12T09:06:12.180521Z", "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "expert_reviewed": false, "drb_reviewed": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "EsHabsb", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715, "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "new_name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "polity_tag": "LEGACY", "general_description": "The Habsburg Dynasty came together as Ferdinand II united the Kingdoms of Aragon and Castile under his rule. When he died in 1516 CE, his grandson Charles I—son of the Aragon Queen Joanna and the Habsburg Philip, a Prince in the Holy Roman Empire—became the first crowned King of All Spain.<br>The Spanish Habsburg empire held territory in northern Europe, Italy, the Mediterranean, the Americas, Africa, India, and the Orient. “Yet Spain itself was rather unpromising material for greatness; the land was barren, the economy backward and the peninsula was politically fragmented.” §REF§ (Darby 2014, preview). Darby, Graham. 2014. <i>Spain in the seventeenth century</i>. New York: Routledge. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/3XIHTNCH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/3XIHTNCH</a> §REF§ <br>The Austrian Habsburg family inherited the Valois duchy of Burgundy (present day Holland, Belgium, Luxemburg, and part of Burgundy) and the crowns of Aragon (including Balearics, Sardinia, Naples, and Sicily) and Castile (including Navarre, and the Americas- Mexico and Peru). This territory was inherited by Charles Habsburg (Charles V, 1519-56). When Charles V abdicated in 1555-56 he spilt the territory between his brother and his son (Austrian and Spanish branches of the Habsburgs), thus expanding the Spanish Habsburg Empire even further by 1556. §REF§ (Darby 2014, preview). Darby, Graham. 2014. <i>Spain in the seventeenth century</i>. New York: Routledge. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/3XIHTNCH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/3XIHTNCH</a> §REF§ <br>Spain's territorial conquests brought in a wealth of gold and other resources from around the world. This boom led to a rapid growth in urbanization and marketization, as several Spanish cities became major hubs of production for manufactured goods (metal products and textiles especially). §REF§ Pocket World History in Figures §REF§ <br>By 1550 the Habsburg Empire had a population of 29 million across the world, including 9 million native people in the lands they had colonised.", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": null, "modified_date": "2024-03-14T12:32:06.256900Z", "home_nga": { "id": 30, "name": "Cuzco", "subregion": "Andes", "longitude": "-72.067772000000", "latitude": "-13.477380000000", "capital_city": "Cuzco", "nga_code": "PE", "fao_country": "Peru", "world_region": "South America" }, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 18, "name": "Southern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iberia, Italy", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "comment": null, "private_comment": { "id": 6, "text": "a new_private_comment_text new approach" }, "other_polity": { "id": 565, "name": "at_habsburg_1", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1648, "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "new_name": "at_habsburg_1", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "Frederick III from the House of Habsburg was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1452, marking the beginning of an almost unbroken line of Habsburg Emperors.§REF§Heinig, Kaiser Friedrich III. (1440-1493).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LA5W94UA\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: LA5W94UA</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHe elevated the Duchy of Austria to Archduchy, a unique title specifically created for the House of Habsburg which elevated the Archduke above all other Dukes which signifies Austria's position of power and influence within the Holy Roman Empire (HRE), but it was through the astute marriage policies—often summarized by the motto \"Let others wage war, but you, happy Austria, marry\"—that they significantly expanded their power.§REF§Judson, The Habsburg Empire.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SFXDYXYU\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: SFXDYXYU</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNotably, the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477 brought the Habsburgs into possession of the Burgundian Netherlands, a valuable and strategically located set of territories.\r\nThe reign of Maximilian I (1493-1519) also saw further consolidation of Habsburg power within the HRE, culminating in his grandson Charles V's election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. Charles V's vast empire, spanning from Spain to parts of Italy, Germany, and the Americas, marked the peak of Habsburg power, embodying the phrase \"the empire on which the sun never sets.\" His reign was marked by religious upheaval, including the Reformation, and constant military engagements, most notably against France and the Ottoman Empire.§REF§Judson, The Habsburg Empire.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SFXDYXYU\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: SFXDYXYU</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Kingdom of Bohemia was incorporated into Habsburg domains during this period. The process began with the marriage of Ferdinand I, a Habsburg, to Anna of Bohemia and Hungary in 1521, strategically positioning the Habsburgs for a claim to the Bohemian throne. The opportunity for direct control came in 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, after which Ferdinand I claimed the thrones of Bohemia and Hungary due to the death of Louis II, who died without an heir at the battle.§REF§Jaroslav Pánek and Oldřich Tůma, A History of the Czech Lands (Prague: Karolinum Press, 2009).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5MFK58ZP\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 5MFK58ZP</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThe period also witnessed the beginning of the long-standing struggle with the Ottoman Empire, including the first siege of Vienna in 1529, which marked the Ottoman Empire's furthest advance into Europe. The military engagements against the Ottomans continued for decades, influencing the political and military strategies of the Habsburgs.§REF§Klaus-Jürgen Bremm, Die Türken Vor Wien: Zwei Weltmächte Im Ringen Um Europa.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VYHYLAE2\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: VYHYLAE2</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe period culminated in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) , a defining conflict of this era. The war started as a religious conflict but evolved into a broader power struggle within Europe. The Habsburgs' role in the war was central, with Ferdinand II's attempts to consolidate Catholic power within the Empire leading to widespread conflict. The war concluded with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which had profound implications for the Habsburgs and the HRE, leading to the recognition of the sovereignty of the constituent states of the Empire and a decline in the central power of the Emperor.§REF§Arndt, Der Dreißigjährige Krieg.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PULFEDKX\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: PULFEDKX</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "private_comment": "", "created_date": null, "modified_date": "2024-03-12T10:04:15.712719Z", "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": { "id": 5, "name": "Europe" } }, "private_comment_n": { "id": 1, "text": "NO_PRIVATE_COMMENTS" } }, "citations": [], "curator": [] } ] }